Inorganic material based macrophage regulation for cancer therapy: basic concepts and recent advances

Abstract

Macrophages with the M1 phenotype are a type of immune cell with exciting prospects for cancer therapy; however, when these macrophages infiltrate into tumours, many of them are induced by...

Silk Fibroin/Collagen Blended Membrane Fabricated via a Green Papermaking Method for Potential Guided Bone Regeneration Application: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

“…The cell viability of SF50, SF25, and SF0 were all over 100%, indicating that cell viability is significantly improved with the addition of collagen ( p < 0.05) (Figure a). Similar observations were also reported in the literature, and both reveal that specific material-related interactions occur between cells and biomaterials . All the values are higher than the threshold for cytotoxicity, which was fixed at 70% according to the ISO standard (ISO: 10993-5:2009[9]) …”

“…Similar observations were also reported in the literature, 32 and both reveal that specific material-related interactions occur between cells and biomaterials. 34 All the values are higher than the threshold for cytotoxicity, which was fixed at 70% according to the ISO standard (ISO: 10993-5:2009 [9]). 27 The live/dead viability kit provides two-color fluorescence in a cell viability test.…”

Preparation of the Biodegradable Lymphatic Targeting Imaging Agent Based on the Indocyanine Green Mesoporous Silicon System

“…Moreover, the nanomaterials protect the tracers from premature release and prolonged the circulation time in the lymphatic system. Up to now, a wide range of nanomaterials based on inorganic, organic, and multifunctional nanoprobes have been reported, and applied for lymph vessel mapping ( Kitai et al, 2005 ; Unno et al, 2007 ; Sharma et al, 2013 ; Liu et al, 2014 ; Liang et al, 2015 ; Sugiura et al, 2015 ; Oladipo et al, 2017 ; Rockson, 2017 ; Shi et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Jin et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ). Unfortunately, non-degradable nanomaterials could accumulate into the cells and organs, and exert the damage effect.…”

Potentiating Cancer Immune Therapy via Nanomaterials and Purinergic Signaling

“…Consequently, apoptotic cells are eliminated before releasing intracellular ATP and cyclic GMP that would otherwise activate the ATP-gated P2X7 channels of TAMs and also cytosolic nucleic acid sensor pathways, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) producing cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), a second messenger binding and activating the adapter protein, stimulating interferon gene (STING), expressed in TAMs and other cells of the TME. The production of stress-responsive cytokines would ultimately cause M2 macrophages to be polarized toward an immune-activated M1 phenotype ( Zhao et al, 2021 ). Appropriately, macrophages have become key targets for nanoparticle intervention ( Medrano-Bosch et al, 2021 ).…”