Inorganic Cryogels

Cryostructuring of Polymeric Systems. 55. Retrospective View on the More than 40 Years of Studies Performed in the A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds with Respect of the Cryostructuring Processes in Polymeric Systems

“…Currently, the studies on cryostructuring processes and the development of related novel polymeric materials are intensively carried out in many countries. This assertion is illustrated by the origins of the respective review articles published by authors from all continents (excluding Antarctica, of course): Africa [ 71 ], Asia [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 18 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 30 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 53 , 62 , 69 , 70 , 73 , 78 , 80 , 83 , 84 , 102 , 106 , 108 , 117 , 122 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 142 , 143 , 145 ], Australia [ 59 , 119 , 126 , 127 ], Europe [ 6 , 7 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 40 , 41 ,…”

“…In fact, all studies carried out at the IOEC as well as other studies on the preparation of the diverse cryogenically-structured polymer materials have always included the evaluation of various physico-chemical characteristics of the respective samples, and, very often, the dependence of their properties on the preparative conditions. The detailed discussion of the results of such studies and of the general effects thus observed for different variants of the cryostructuring processes have been presented in several comprehensive reviews published by the author of the present paper and by other scientists [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 40 , 44 , 63 , 66 , 82 , 94 , 125 , 142 , 143 ]. Therefore, only the key selected features of the cryostructuring mechanisms are considered below.…”

“…In the last decades, the application of the cryostructuring processes for the preparation of materials based on natural or synthetic polymers featuring a desired set of properties, the study of such materials and their use are the subjects of scientific and applied activities in many countries [ 26 ]. The references to the above-indicated publications [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , ...…”

A Brief History of Polymeric Cryogels

“…These are mainly inorganic cryogels prepared by the sol-gel transformation in non-deeply frozen precursor systems, where the condensation of certain hydroxides accompanied by water liberation leads to the formation of polyoxides, as detailed in [173]. Polycondensation-type organic cryogels have also been reported in a few publications.…”

Advances in Cryochemistry: Mechanisms, Reactions and Applications

“…Polymer cryogels are formed by freezing of low or high molar mass precursors, crosslinking, and subsequent thawing [ 102 , 103 ]. Polymeric cryogels are generated when the gel-formation occurs in the frozen system, and the 3D polymeric network formed becomes swollen in the defrosted solvent during thawing [ 104 ].…”