Innovative flitch sandwich beams with steel core under four-point bending

Nabati, Amin; Ghazijahani, Tohid Ghanbari; Valipour, Hamid

doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111724

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The additional elements may include bars [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], laminates [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], meshes [ 14 ] or sheets [ 15 ]. These elements may be made of steel [ 16 ] or composites reinforced with carbon [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], glass, basalt and aramid fibers. The reinforcing elements may be installed externally or internally, in the tensile and/or compression zone of the beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengthening of Full-Scale Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams with CFRP Sheets

Bakalarz

Kossakowski

2022

Materials

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This paper presents the results of experimental research on full-size laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams unreinforced and reinforced with CFRP sheets. The nominal dimensions of the tested beams were 45 mm × 200 mm × 3400 mm. The beams were reinforced using the so-called U-type reinforcement in three configurations, differing from each other in the thickness of the reinforcement and the side surface coverage. An epoxy resin adhesive was used to bond all the components together. A four-point static bending test was performed according to the guidelines in the relevant European standards. The effectiveness of the reinforcement increased with the level of coverage of the side surface and the level of reinforcement. The average increases of bending resistance were 42%, 51% and 58% for configurations B, C and D, respectively. The average value of bending stiffness increased for the beams of series B, C and D by 15%, 31% and 43%, respectively. Their failure mode changed from brittle fracture initiated in the tensile zone for unreinforced beams to more ductile fracture, initiated in the compression zone. The influence of the coverage of the side surface by the CFRP sheet and reinforcement ratio on the mechanism of failure and effectiveness of strengthening was studied in the article.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengthening of Full-Scale Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams with CFRP Sheets

Bakalarz

Kossakowski

2022

Materials

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“…Reinforcing materials investigated were steel, aluminium, and fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) (Theakston 1965;Krueger and Sandberg 1974;Bulleit 1980;Bulleit 1981;Spaun 1981;Raftery and Harte 2011;Yang et al 2016;Gattas et al 2018;Palma and Steiger 2020). Bulleit (1984) established three main types of metal reinforcement: pre-stressed steel (Bohannan 1962;Peterson 1965;De Luca and Marano 2012), unstressed metal plates (Mark 1961;Sliker 1962;Borgin et al 1968;Issa and Kmeid 2005;Kim and Harries 2010;Nabati et al 2021), and unstressed steel rods (Lantos 1964;Lantos and Harvey 1964;Lantos 1970;Bulleit et al 1989;De Luca and Marano 2012;Steiger et al 2015;Soriano et al 2016;Yang et al 2016). The majority of reinforcing methods presented above improved the strength, stiffness, ductility, and serviceability behaviour, and reduced the variability in the mechanical properties of the timber product.…”

Section: Reinforcement Of Structural Timber Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steel-Reinforced Columns Made of European Beech Glued-Laminated Timber

Sroka,

Palma,

Steiger

et al. 2024

J. Struct. Eng.

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One of the obstacles to the recent trend towards taller timber buildings is the limited loadcarrying capacity of softwood columns. With the aim of promoting the structural use of European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in high-performance applications, the buckling behaviour of beech glued-laminated timber (GLT) columns reinforced with glued-in steel bars was investigated experimentally and numerically. Axial compression experiments were carried out on full-scale stocky and slender columns and a finite element model was developed and validated against the 1 Sroka,

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“…The popular approach to reinforce timber structures involves incorporating an auxiliary component that will synergize with it. Presently, elements fabricated from steel [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], aluminum, or composites [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] are employed for this objective. They are unified via adhesive or mechanical fixtures with the structural element.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Analysis of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with Various Carbon Composites

Bakalarz,

Kossakowski

2024

Polymers

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Among the many benefits of implementing numerical analysis on real objects, economic and environmental considerations are likely the most important ones. Nonetheless, it is also crucial to constrain the duration and space necessary for conducting experimental investigations. Although these benefits are clear, the applicability of such models must be appropriately verified. This research subjected validation of numerical models depicting the behavior of unstrengthened and strengthened laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams. As a reinforcement, a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet and laminates were used. Experiments were conducted on full-scale members within the framework of the so-called four-point bending testing method. Numerical simulations were performed using the Abaqus software. Two types of material models were examined for laminated veneer lumber: linearly elastic and linearly elastic–perfectly plastic with Hill’s yield criterion. A distinction was made in the material properties of carbon composites based on their location on the height of the cross-section. The outlined numerical models accurately depict the behavior of real structural elements. The precision of predicting load-bearing capacity amounts to a few percent for strengthened beams and a maximum of eleven percent for unstrengthened beams. The relative deviation between numerical and experimental values of bending stiffness was at a maximum of seven percent. Applying the elastic–plastic model enables accurate representation of the load versus deflection relation and the distribution of stress and deformation of strengthened beams. Based on the findings, directives were provided for further optimization of the positioning of composite reinforcement along the span of the beam. Reinforcement design of existing laminated veneer lumber members can be made using presented methodology.

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Innovative flitch sandwich beams with steel core under four-point bending

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

Strengthening of Full-Scale Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams with CFRP Sheets

Strengthening of Full-Scale Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams with CFRP Sheets

Steel-Reinforced Columns Made of European Beech Glued-Laminated Timber

Numerical Analysis of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with Various Carbon Composites

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