Innovations in consumer research: The virtual food buffet

Virtual Environments for Design Research: Lessons Learned from use of Fully Immersive Virtual Reality in Interior Design Research

“…Two additional studies, also in healthcare contexts, used qualitative observation methods (Persson et al, 2014;Wahlström et al, 2010). Eleven studies (one in healthcare, seven in workplaces, and three in retail) used Likert scale survey questions to gather participant reactions, sometimes followed by open-ended questions about the variables of interest (Heydarian et al, 2014;Heydarian et al, 2016;Heydarian et al, 2017;Heydarian et al, 2015aHeydarian et al, , 2015bHeydarian et al, 2015;Higuera-Trujillo et al, 2017;Nordbo et al, 2015;Persson et al, 2014;Ung et al, 2018;Ventura et al, 2018). Other studies used a variety of quantitative measurements and scales to evaluate participants' behaviors (see the next section for further discussion).…”

“…For retail design research, included studies used FIVEs to examine fashion decisions (Park et al, 2018) and to study food choices at restaurants and grocery stores (Higuera-Trujillo et al, 2017;Nordbo et al, 2015;Siegrist et al, 2019;Ung et al, 2018).…”

“…related to sensory-oriented products, such as clothing or food. They can also be relevant in a more general sense if they prevent researchers from thoroughly and realistically portraying the environment, such as an outdoor plaza or other complex real-world locations (Ozcelika & Becerik-Gerberb, 2018;Park et al, 2018;Ung et al, 2018).…”

“…Researchers need to carefully develop the model within the VR engine because technical issues such as the lighting, the allowed range of motion, and the location of the user's viewpoint (or "camera") can be important factors in the experimental design. Depending on the needs of the experiment and the behavior being studied, different technical aspects of the virtual environment can vary in their importance (Heydarian et al, 2017;Nordbo et al, 2015;Ung et al, 2018;Wingler, Machry, et al, 2019).…”

“…Specifically, motion-tracking systems are used in some studies to collect quantitative data. For example, Ung et al (2018) used a custombuilt tracking system to analyze the movements made by participants' hands as they interacted with virtual objects. Heydarian et al (2017) used a position tracking device to focus on head and neck movements and quantify the focus of participants' visual attention within the virtual environment.…”