Innate immunity in allergy

Abstract

Innate immune system quickly responds to invasion of microbes and foreign substances through the extracellular and intracellular sensing receptors, which recognize distinctive molecular and structural patterns. The recognition of innate immune receptors leads to the induction of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses by activating downstream signaling pathways. Allergy is an immune‐related disease and results from a hypersensitive immune response to harmless substances in the environment. However, less is known about the activation of innate immunity during exposure to allergens. New insights into the innate immune system by sensors and their signaling cascades provide us with more important clues and a framework for understanding allergy disorders. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the innate immune sensing system.

B Cell Responses in the Development of Mammalian Meat Allergy

“…Allergies involve both innate and adaptive immune responses. The topic of innate immune responses in allergy is not discussed here, but excellent reviews can be found elsewhere ( 65 – 67 ). The initial encounter with allergen occurs at the epithelial barrier such as the lung epithelia for air allergens, the gut epithelia for food allergens, and the skin epithelia for insect venom allergens.…”

Trained immunity and tolerance in innate lymphoid cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells during allergen-specific immunotherapy

“…1 Innate immune cells such as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), cytotoxic ILCs (natural killer [NK] cells), monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate adaptive immune responses through indirect (soluble factor release) and direct (cell-to-cell interaction) mechanisms. 2,3 Moreover, functional reprogramming of innate immune cells caused by their initial activation may lead to a more intense (trained immunity) or less intense (trained tolerance) response toward the second challenge and is referred to as innate immune memory. [4][5][6] It is possible that innate memory may represent one of the mechanisms of successful AIT and should be associated with systemic changes in the composition and phenotype of different cell subsets.…”

The Nuclear Receptor Seven Up Regulates Genes Involved in Immunity and Xenobiotic Response in the AdultDrosophilaFemale Fat Body

“…For example, it is unknown whether, upon svp knockdown, reduced expression of bacterial recognition proteins (and thereby hampered initial bacterial defense) might lead to the activation of the humoral/IMD immune system at a later time point in the fat body. It is also possible that reduced levels of detoxification enzymes in the absence of svp might result in the accumulation of xenobiotics that activate an immune response, reminiscent of mammalian innate T-cells that recognize and process allergens and other environmental chemicals prior to their presentation to lymphocytes ( Minnicozzi et al 2011 ; Germolec et al 2017 ; Maeda et al 2019 ). It is also not known at this point whether these changes in immune function and xenobiotic response in the absence of svp occur in adipocytes, oenocytes, or both cell types, or what their functional consequence is to the steps of oogenesis affected by adipocyte/oenocyte Svp activity ( Weaver and Drummond-Barbosa 2019 ).…”