Innate Immunity and Human Milk MicroRNAs Content: A New Perspective for Premature Newborns

Cione, Erika; Lucente, Maria Stella; Gallelli, Luca; Sarro, Giovambattista De; Luciani, Filippo; Caroleo, Maria Cristina

doi:10.5812/compreped.43359

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The miRNAs are very short RNA molecules (20–24 nucleotides long) that can regulate protein expression post mRNA transcription ( 13 , 14 ), primarily by destabilizing mRNA and inhibiting protein translation. Compared to other body fluids, breast milk is exceptionally rich in RNA ( 15 ); and many of the miRNAs found in breast milk are seemingly involved in modulating immunological pathways ( 16 ). Moreover, xeno-miRNA exhibiting maternal-infant immune cross-talk has also been found ( 17 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Coding RNAs in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition and hydration for the newborn infant but also plays an important role in the child’s first immune defense. Additionally, several breast milk factors have been implicated in immune-related health outcomes later in life, including immunoglobulins, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and, more recently, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) species. In this systematic review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current literature on endogenous ncRNAs found in human breast milk. Thirty (30) relevant studies were identified and, whilst the majority studies focused on microRNAs (miRNAs), there is evidence that breast milk contains high quantities of RNA which also include long-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, as well as other short RNAs and fragmented tRNA and rRNAs. Among studies investigating miRNAs, miR-148a-3p, miR-30a/d-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-200a/c-3p, and the 5p end of the let-7 miRNAs were commonly reported among the top 10 miRNAs in the cell, lipid, and skim milk fractions of breast milk. Methodological difference and small sample sizes limit the possibility of conclusively identifying which maternal and infant characteristics affect the miRNA profile. The highly expressed miRNAs were generally reported to be similar across lactational stage, milk fraction, maternal and infant characteristics, or infant growth and health. All the same, individual studies identify potential differences in miRNA expression levels which should be confirmed by future studies. Stability, uptake, and physiological functions of miRNAs were also considered in several studies. Breast milk miRNAs are relatively resistant to a range of harsh conditions and uptake experiments suggest that extracellular vesicles containing miRNAs and circular RNAs can be taken up by intestinal epithelial cells. Although the evidence regarding the functional effect of breast milk miRNAs is limited, the predicted functions range from metabolic and biosynthetic processes to signaling pathways, cellular adhesion, communication, growth, and differentiation. Finally, this systematic review highlights some of the methodological challenges and knowledge gaps which can help direct future research in this field. In particular, it is important to further investigate the bioavailability of miRNAs in different milk fractions, and to characterize other ncRNAs which are largely unstudied.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=138989, identifier CRD42020138989.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Coding RNAs in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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“…Transport of miRNA from mother to fetus in vesicles, mainly lipid encapsulated, provides them enhanced stability to cross through various barriers, particularly gastrointestinal ones (57). miR155 is the first miRNA associated with the immune system (58). It is transferred to the fetus via placental axis to neonates, as well as via milk to infants, and plays a key role in the maturation of macrophages and dendritic cells into active phenotype through toll-like receptors (59).…”

Section: Milk Nutrimiromics In Infant Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Xeno-miRNA in Maternal-Infant Immune Crosstalk: An Aid to Disease Alleviation

et al. 2020

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“…Neonatal sepsis indicates bacteremia and its related clinical signs and symptoms within the first month of birth and is an important cause of neonatal mortality. Since the immune system in neonates is not fully matured (10), they are susceptible to developing infections (11)(12)(13). Sepsis occurs among 1 to 8 neonates out of 1000 live births.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Maternal and Neonatal Serum Vitamin D Levels and the Incidence of Early-Onset Sepsis

2021

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Background: Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is a systemic infection that occurs within the first week of life. Objectives: This study investigated the association of serum vitamin D levels in pregnant women and their neonates with the prevalence of EOS. Methods: This case-control study was performed among 50 term/late pre-term neonates admitted to our NICU due to EOS, alongside 50 healthy neonates matched for gestational age range and sex. Maternal and neonatal serum vitamin D levels were measured. The criteria for diagnosing EOS included any/combination of: respiratory, cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurological, gastrointestinal, body temperature, or metabolic signs. For sepsis cases, CBC, CRP, blood type, blood culture, chest X ray, and in some cases, and CSF analysis and culture were tested. Mothers’ clinical history was collected. Results: Each group included 30 (60%) male and 20 (40%) female neonates. Birth weight averages were 2772 ± 667 and 3215 ± 349 grams in the case and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean serum vitamin D levels were 49.75 ± 25.53 and 56.41 ± 18.17 nmol/L in the case and control groups, respectively. The control group mothers had a significantly higher vitamin D level (68.24 nmol/L versus 55.01 in mothers of sepsis cases, p=0.005) and showed a correlation with the vitamin D levels of their neonates (R = 0.731, P < 0.001), while the data failed to show a correlation between vitamin D level in mothers and their neonates in the sepsis group (R = 0.241, P = 0.115). C-section delivery was more prevalent among the sepsis cases (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Early-onset neonatal sepsis is associated with vitamin D deficiency in neonates and their mothers, low birth weight, and being delivered by C-section.

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Innate Immunity and Human Milk MicroRNAs Content: A New Perspective for Premature Newborns

Cited by 6 publications

References 65 publications

Non-Coding RNAs in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

Non-Coding RNAs in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

Xeno-miRNA in Maternal-Infant Immune Crosstalk: An Aid to Disease Alleviation

Association Between Maternal and Neonatal Serum Vitamin D Levels and the Incidence of Early-Onset Sepsis

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