Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Fish: A Review

Abstract

The fish inhabitant in an aquatic environment so it persists exposure to pathogen and stressor factors so they have a developing immune system similar to that in high vertebrate with some differences points. Head Kidney considered the main and primary hematopoietic organs while spleen, thymus and gut-associated lymphoid tissue represented secondary hematopoietic organs. The immune system divided to the innate immune system doesn’t have a memory of previous responses, non-specific cellular as natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils with non-specific component these involve complement, lysosomes and acute-phase protein, if the pathogen persists the specific, memory adaptive immunity would be stimulation which composed of two subunits humeral and natural antibodies act for invading extracellular pathogen and the second subunits which are cytokines and T-lymphocyte act for kill intracellular bacterial, parasitic and viral infection. Both subunits (innate and adaptive) of the immune system act each together in the hosts to prevent microorganism’s infection and reducer the environmental stressors and give fish immune status. It is concluded from this article review that fish, like mammalians, have an advanced immune system that plays a role in fish resistance to pathological factors and maintaining fish health.

Modulation of metabolic and immunoregulatory pathways in the gut transcriptome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after early nutritional programming during first feeding with plant-based diet

“…However, in the current study, the dietary composition of omega-3 fatty acids was not lower than the minimum requirements in freshwater Atlantic salmon as recently studied ( 99 ). In the current study, the enriched pathways in the distal intestine of V fish suggest that the regulated immune responses are for immune protection that naturally occurs during trafficking ( 100 , 101 ). This is in agreement with other studies where nutrient absorption (also termed trafficking) ( 102 , 103 ) and immune defence processes ( 104 , 105 ) appear to increasingly occur towards the distal intestine of fish.…”

Therapeutic Intervention with Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviates Fish Pathological and Molecular Systemic Inflammatory Responses against Infections

“…In fish, the head kidney is the primary hematopoietic organ, whereas the spleen is a secondary hematopoietic organ [ 29 ]. Therefore, we conducted the gene transcription analysis on the head kidney for monitoring O. mykiss immunomodulation.…”

Anti-inflammatory potentials of ethanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

“…CRP is synthesized by the liver [15] in response to factors released by macrophages and adipocytes [16]. C-reactive protein was the first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to be identified [17].…”