Innate and adaptive immune escape mechanisms of hepatitis B virus

Zhao, Huajun; Hu, Yifei; Han, Qiuju; Zhang, Jian

doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i9.881

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…In the process of early virus clearance and specific immune response, the innate immune response is greatly important, whose deficiency is an important reason for presistent HBV infection. HBV has evolved an active strategy to actively evade the natural immune recognition or actively interfere with the natural immune signaling pathway to induce immune suppression, which is conducive to self-replication ( 9 ).…”

Section: Persistent Hbv Infection and Host Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B functional cure and immune response

2022

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus, which damage to hepatocytes is not direct, but through the immune system. HBV specific CD4+ T cells can induce HBV specific B cells and CD8+ T cells. HBV specific B cells produce antibodies to control HBV infection, while HBV specific CD8+ T cells destroy infected hepatocytes. One of the reasons for the chronicity of HBV infection is that it cannot effectively activate adoptive immunity and the function of virus specific immune cells is exhausted. Among them, virus antigens (including HBV surface antigen, e antigen, core antigen, etc.) can inhibit the function of immune cells and induce immune tolerance. Long term nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) treatment and inactive HBsAg carriers with low HBsAg level may “wake up” immune cells with abnormal function due to the decrease of viral antigen level in blood and liver, and the specific immune function of HBV will recover to a certain extent, thus becoming the “dominant population” for functional cure. In turn, the functional cure will further promote the recovery of HBV specific immune function, which is also the theoretical basis for complete cure of hepatitis B. In the future, the complete cure of chronic HBV infection must be the combination of three drugs: inhibiting virus replication, reducing surface antigen levels and specific immune regulation, among which specific immunotherapy is indispensable. Here we review the relationship, mechanism and clinical significance between the cure of hepatitis B and immune system.

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Section: Persistent Hbv Infection and Host Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B functional cure and immune response

2022

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“…Viremia lasting for 6 months or more, is considered persistent HCV infection. 115 , 116 HCV uses a variety of methods to evade the immune system, resulting in immune system evasion and infection persistence. 117 T cell function is lost in chronic T cell stimulation, which is the first main mechanism of chronic infection.…”

Section: Immunopathogenesis Of Hcvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection

et al. 2022

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Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern. It is associated with life threatening conditions including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C virus infects around 71 million people annually, resultantly 700,000 deaths worldwide. Extrahepatic associated chronic hepatitis C virus accounts for one fourth of total healthcare load. This review included a total of 150 studies that revealed almost 19 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus and 240,000 new cases are being reported each year. This trend is continually rising in developing countries like Pakistan where intravenous drug abuse, street barbers, unsafe blood transfusions, use of unsterilized surgical instruments and recycled syringes plays a major role in virus transmission. Almost 123–180 million people are found to be hepatitis C virus infected or carrier that accounts for 2%–3% of world’s population. The general symptoms of hepatitis C virus infection include fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, anorexia, fever malaise, nausea and constipation varying on severity and chronicity of infection. More than 90% of hepatitis C virus infected patients are treated with direct-acting antiviral agents that prevent progression of liver disease, decreasing the elevation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Standardizing the healthcare techniques, minimizing the street practices, and screening for viral hepatitis on mass levels for early diagnosis and prompt treatment may help in decreasing the burden on already fragmented healthcare system. However, more advanced studies on larger populations focusing on mode of transmission and treatment protocols are warranted to understand and minimize the overall infection and death stigma among masses.

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“…In addition to efficient immune evasion, the virus seems to actively suppress different signalling pathways that are activated in response to innate sensing of a viral infection. Most of these effects are the result of direct interactions of the viral proteins, and of HBV-induced miRNAs [ 71 , 72 , 73 ]. For example, direct immunosuppression by HbsAg itself, which is the main component of HBV-SVPs, has been reported [ 74 , 75 ].…”

Section: Hbv and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Many Ways to Communicate—Crosstalk between the HBV-Infected Cell and Its Environment

2022

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Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects an estimated 257 million people worldwide and can lead to liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Viral replication is generally considered not to be cytopathic, and although some HBV proteins may have direct carcinogenic effects, the majority of HBV infection-related disease is related to chronic inflammation resulting from disrupted antiviral responses and aberrant innate immune reactions. Like all cells, healthy and HBV-infected cells communicate with each other, as well as with other cell types, such as innate and adaptive immune cells. They do so by both interacting directly and by secreting factors into their environment. Such factors may be small molecules, such as metabolites, single viral proteins or host proteins, but can also be more complex, such as virions, protein complexes, and extracellular vesicles. The latter are small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that are exchanged between cells, and have recently gained a lot of attention for their potential to mediate complex communication and their potential for therapeutic repurposing. Here, we review how HBV infection affects the communication between HBV-infected cells and cells in their environment. We discuss the impact of these interactions on viral persistence in chronic infection, as well as their relation to HBV infection-related pathology.

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Innate and adaptive immune escape mechanisms of hepatitis B virus

Cited by 22 publications

References 128 publications

Hepatitis B functional cure and immune response

Hepatitis B functional cure and immune response

Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection

Many Ways to Communicate—Crosstalk between the HBV-Infected Cell and Its Environment

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