Inkjet‐Printed PEDOT:PSS Electrodes on Paper for Electrocardiography

Abstract

Inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS electrodes are shown to record cutaneous electrophysiological signals such as electrocardiograms via a simple finger-to-electrode contact. The recordings are of high quality and show no deterioration over a 3 month period, paving the way for the development of the next generation of low-cost, convenient-to-use healthcare monitoring devices.

Stretchable Dry Electrodes with Concentric Ring Geometry for Enhancing Spatial Resolution in Electrophysiology

“…The work in this paper takes advantage of the recent advances in the use of conducting polymer as dry electrode interface. The conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has enabled a better interface with skin because of the mixed ionic/electronic conductivity and biocompatibility of PEDOT:PSS.…”

Flexible Sensors—From Materials to Applications

“…The device had an electrochemical impedance of 2 × 10 4 Ω/cm 2 at a frequency of 300 Hz [340]. Another electropotential electrode fabricated by printing PEDOT:PSS on paper showed no deterioration over a 3 month period [547]. The contact impedance of the electrode reduced with the number of electrode layers and reached a minimum of 1.17 × 10 6 Ω at 1 Hz for three printed layers.…”

“…Therefore one of the most important parameters for electropotential sensors is contact resistance. Flexible resistive coupled electrodes were fabricated using Ag/AgCl conductive inks [542,543], Au [539,544,545], graphene [357], CNTs [540,546], AgNPs [546], and PEDOT:PSS [340,355,356,547]. Dry electrodes based on PDMS had a contact impedance of <4 kΩ and remained stable for 5 h [548].…”

“…Electropotential electrodes were prepared using low cost fabrication techniques where ink-jet printers were used to print PEDOT:PSS on flexible substrates [340,547]. A multielectrode array with a similar frequency response to standard Ag/AgCl electrodes was fabricated by printing PEDOT:PSS on a PI substrate.…”

Self‐Powered, Paper‐Based Electrochemical Devices for Sensitive Point‐of‐Care Testing

“…Electrochemistry has consistently provided simple and portable techniques to analyze small molecules in complex biological environments with a high degree of specificity and selectivity at a moderate cost . The trend to decrease the cost of electrochemical assays has led to the exploration of low‐cost substrates, such as cellulose‐based paper and thread, and novel‐printed electrodes and conductive patterns to contribute to low‐cost diagnostics . Dungchai et al provided the first quantification of glucose, lactate, and uric acid in serum using chronoamperometry measurements performed by conductive electrodes printed on a paper‐based microfluidic channel .…”