Injury pattern of the Flash-Ball®, a less-lethal weapon used for law enforcement: Report of two cases and review of the literature

Wahl, Peter; Schreyer, Nicolas; Yersin, Bertrand

doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.09.022

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…9 An approximation of the ballistic characteristics of the Flash Ball 1 may be assessed by a study of a similar weapon (function, rubber ball and energy on impact), the MR35 developed by Manuhrin (Mulhouse, France). 21,26 Close-range shots may result in severe wound injuries due to the potential penetration of the projectile. No strict guidelines are given for optimal safety use, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Nevertheless, injuries by Flash Ball 1 are reported. In a case report published recently, 26 the authors reported a case of a patient neutralised by a police officer. The patient was shot once in the chest from a distance of approxi- mately 2 m. Upon admission to the emergency department, examination revealed a large contusion with crepitation on the lower anterior chest and the xiphoid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orbital and ocular trauma caused by the Flash-Ball®: A case report

et al. 2009

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbital and ocular trauma caused by the Flash-Ball®: A case report

et al. 2009

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“…Figure b extracted from this study, shows a good correlation between experimental and numerical pressure time histories in internal organs. Extended details on these validations can be found in works of Roth et al and Awoukeng Goumtcha et al …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From military to civil loadings: Preliminary numerical‐based thorax injury criteria investigations

Goumtcha

Bodo

Taddei

et al. 2015

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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Effects of the impact of a mechanical structure on the human body are of great interest in the understanding of body trauma. Experimental tests have led to first conclusions about the dangerousness of an impact observing impact forces or displacement time history with PMHS (Post Mortem human Subjects). They have allowed providing interesting data for the development and the validation of numerical biomechanical models. These models, widely used in the framework of automotive crashworthiness, have led to the development of numerical-based injury criteria and tolerance thresholds. The aim of this process is to improve the safety of mechanical structures in interaction with the body. In a military context, investigations both at experimental and numerical level are less successfully completed. For both military and civil frameworks, the literature list a number of numerical analysis trying to propose injury mechanisms, and tolerance thresholds based on biofidelic Finite Element (FE) models of different part of the human body. However the link between both frameworks is not obvious, since lots of parameters are different: great mass impacts at relatively low velocity for civil impacts (falls, automotive crashworthiness) and low mass at very high velocity for military loadings (ballistic, blast). In this study, different accident cases were investigated, and replicated with a previously developed and validated FE model of the human thorax named Hermaphrodite Universal Biomechanical YX model (HUBYX model). These previous validations included replications of standard experimental tests often used to validate models in the context of automotive industry, experimental ballistic tests in high speed dynamic impact and also numerical replication of blast loading test ensuring its biofidelity. In order to extend the use of this model in other frameworks, some real-world accidents were reconstructed, and consequences of these loadings on the FE model were explored. These various numerical replications of accident coming from different contexts raise the question about the ability of a FE model to correctly predict several kinds of trauma, from blast or ballistic impacts to falls, sports or automotive ones in a context of numerical injury mechanisms and tolerance limits investigations.

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“…For example, skin lesions, rib fractures, heart and pulmonary contusions have been reported as injuries in Refs. [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of the coupling parameters influencing the terminal effects of thoracic blunt ballistic impacts

Pavier

Langlet

Eches

et al. 2015

Forensic Science International

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Injury pattern of the Flash-Ball®, a less-lethal weapon used for law enforcement: Report of two cases and review of the literature

Cited by 45 publications

References 18 publications

Orbital and ocular trauma caused by the Flash-Ball®: A case report

Orbital and ocular trauma caused by the Flash-Ball®: A case report

From military to civil loadings: Preliminary numerical‐based thorax injury criteria investigations

Experimental study of the coupling parameters influencing the terminal effects of thoracic blunt ballistic impacts

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