Injuries associated with police use of force

Bozeman, William P.; Stopyra, Jason P.; Klinger, David A.; Martin, Brian P.; Graham, Derrel D.; Johnson, James C.; Mahoney-Tesoriero, Katherine; Vail, Sydney J.

doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000001783

Cited by 43 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Medical scholarship is an important source of research on injuries related to police use of force, particularly when examining detailed injury data that requires the interpretation of medical records. Collaborations between physicians and criminologists may be particularly fruitful when analysing police generated records and/or when merging police records with medical records (e.g., Bozeman et al., 2017; Strote & Hickman, 2018, 2020). The integration of medical and police records can help discern the nature of injuries attributable to police use of force versus other sources of injury.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Police Use of Force and Injury: Multilevel Predictors of Physical Harm to Subjects and Officers

et al. 2020

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The police must on occasion use physical force and weapons in order to apprehend and control subjects and fulfil the police function. It is inevitable that some of these interactions will result in injuries to both subjects and officers, with a range of both tangible and intangible harms and costs. It is therefore important to study injuries related to the use of force with an eye toward identifying opportunities to minimize injury and reduce the harms and costs. Injuries to both subjects and officers were examined in a sample of more than 10,000 use of force incidents drawn from 81 agencies located in 8 states. In addition to describing injury rates across a broad spectrum of situational and agency characteristics, we present multilevel logistic regression models predicting subject and officer injury. Among key findings, we report that the likelihood of injury for both subjects and officers is lower when force incidents end quickly and with the minimal necessary superior level of force relative to subject resistance, and higher for both subjects and officers when subjects flee. At the agency level, we find that the likelihood of injury varies by agency size and type. Finally, we explored possible higher-level variation and found that agencies in the sample from Midwestern states (primarily Wisconsin) have substantially lower injury rates that appear to be associated with their less frequent use of weapons and greater reliance on low-level physical force tactics, as compared to agencies in the sample from Western and other states.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a similar vein, Bozeman et al. (2017) looked at all use of force incidents within three mid-sized police departments over a two-year period, and reviewed the severity of injuries across force modalities.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Police Use of Force and Injury: Multilevel Predictors of Physical Harm to Subjects and Officers

et al. 2020

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“…Fortunately, in both Canada and the US, the application of force [1] is statistically rare, with estimates suggesting that UoF is applied in approximately 0.1% of all police-public interactions (e.g. Bozeman et al , 2018; Hall and Votova, 2013). However, given the vast number of police-public interactions in North America (Baldwin et al , 2018), this low rate translates into a reasonably high number of UoF events in any given year (Shjarback and White, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

An evidence-based approach to critical incident scenario development

Jenkins

Semple

Bennell

2020

PIJPSM

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PurposeThere has been an increasing emphasis on developing officers who can effectively make decisions in dynamic and stressful environments to manage volatile situations. The aim of this paper is to guide those seeking to optimize the limited resources dedicated to police training.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on research related to stress exposure training, principles of adult learning, the event-based approach to training and policing more broadly, the authors show how carefully crafted training scenarios can maximize the benefits of police training.FindingsThe authors’ review highlights various training principles that, if relied on, can result in scenarios that are likely to result in the development of flexible, sound decision-making skills when operating under stressful conditions. The paper concludes with an example of scenario development, which takes the reviewed principles into account.Originality/valueThe authors hope this discussion will be useful for police instructors and curriculum designers in making evidence-informed decisions when designing training scenarios.

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“…56 Bozeman et al, 34 found that in 893 use of force incidents in over 1 million calls for service, no significant injuries were reported in 504 applications of the CEW. 35 Bozeman et al, 34 further examined 1,000 CEW exposures of arrestees and found that 99.75 percent did not sustain an injury or had minor injuries. 36 Strote et al, 83 found that of 1,110 uses of CEW significant injuries were rare.…”

Section: While the Identified Symptoms And Combination Of Symptoms Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[30][31][32][33] Conversely, other studies cited in the literature have not implicated CEWs as a cause of death. [34][35][36][37][38] A syndrome can be described as the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms or characteristics that occur together rather than a specific disease. 39 The spectrum of symptoms and behaviors of ExDS overlap with many other disease presentations and there remains no universally recognized diagnostic criteria or consistent definition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the symptoms associated with excited delirium syndrome and the use of conducted energy weapons

Ross¹,

Hazlett²

2018

FRCIJ

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Incidents where the police and corrections officers confront a person exhibiting the symptoms of the excited delirium syndrome (ExDS) has become an important concern, although rare in occurrence. To date there has been two prospective, epidemiologic studies which have examined the frequency of the symptoms of ExDS during a police use of force confrontation. Using a prospective research design, we analyzed a cohort of 635 arrestees who exhibited symptoms of ExDS as reported by 17 police agencies from six states in the U.S. over twelve months in 2013 during a use of force incident. We sought to determine if police officers could recognize the associated symptoms of ExDS, determine their prevalence during a use of force confrontation, and to assess if the symptoms were observable across multiple agencies. We also assessed the types of resistance displayed by the arrestees and the outcomes of the use of a conducted energy weapon (CEW) in response to the resistance. Officers reported observing thirteen symptoms associated with ExDS. Using descriptive statistics and regression analysis (p=0.05) showed that 58 percent of the arrestees presented 3 to 4 symptoms, 30 percent presented 5 to 6 symptoms, and 12 percent presented 7 or more symptoms. A CEW was applied in 38 percent (n=240) of the incidents and all arrestees were controlled and restrained in the prone position. None of the arrestees died and in 79 percent of the incidents, an arrestee did not sustain an injury. Officers from multiple agencies were able to recognize the varying symptoms associated with ExDS and their prevalence. The outcome of the incidents showed that applying a CEW with an arrestee exhibiting signs of ExDS is a safe and viable use of force device reducing the likelihood of an arrestee death and minimizing arrestee injuries. Based on the results policy, training, and the focus of future research is discussed.

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Injuries associated with police use of force

Abstract: Epidemiological, level II.

Cited by 43 publications

References 15 publications

Police Use of Force and Injury: Multilevel Predictors of Physical Harm to Subjects and Officers

Police Use of Force and Injury: Multilevel Predictors of Physical Harm to Subjects and Officers

An evidence-based approach to critical incident scenario development

Assessing the symptoms associated with excited delirium syndrome and the use of conducted energy weapons

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