Injection of Phosphatidylcholine in Fat Tissue: Experimental Study of Local Action in Rabbits

Rittes, Patrícia Guedes; Rittes, José Carlos; Amary, Maria Fernanda

doi:10.1007/s00266-005-0170-5

Cited by 47 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Whether or not injection lipolysis leads to transient increases in blood lipids remains to be speculation. In rabbits, fat cell necrosis, granulocyte infiltration, and giant cell formation within necrotic areas were demonstrated after injection of phosphatidylcholine into anterior trunk subcutaneous fat pads some hours after injection [14]. The first systematic human studies that investigated in vivo effects of Lipostabil injection into lipomas demonstrated histological evidence of panniculitis together with fat cell destruction and blood vessel necrosis some hours after the injection [15,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compounds Used for ‘Injection Lipolysis’ Destroy Adipocytes and other Cells Found in Adipose Tissue

Janke¹,

Engeli²,

Gorzelniak³

et al. 2009

Obes Facts

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Background: A widely applied technique to reduce subcutaneous fat pad size involves subcutaneous injection of a phosphatidylcholine preparation (‘injection lipolysis’). As the mode of action is mostly unknown, we planned to study cellular effects of the particular drug used in Germany (Lipostabil®). Methods: Human preadipocytes, adipocytes, vascular and skeletal muscle cells as well as renal epithelial cells were incubated in the compound, morphological changes were described, and cell vitality was measured. Results: A strong cytolytic effect of the compound was signified by lipid release and acridine orange staining of dying adipocyte nuclei. When the undiluted compound was used, more than 90% of cell death occurred after 90 s in preadipocytes, after 6 min in vascular smooth muscle cells, skeletal myotubes and renal epithelial cells, and after 15 min in adipocytes. Dilution slowed down cytolysis, but still >50% of the cells disappeared during 30 min incubation. Neither osmotic effects nor differences in medium acidity were responsible for cell death. Conclusion: Injection lipolysis with phosphatidylcholine as the major injected compound reduces subcutaneous fat pad size through cell and tissue destruction. Beside the lack of a clear risk-benefit analysis, applying this technique represents off-label drug use and application of a drug by a contraindicated route.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compounds Used for ‘Injection Lipolysis’ Destroy Adipocytes and other Cells Found in Adipose Tissue

Janke¹,

Engeli²,

Gorzelniak³

et al. 2009

Obes Facts

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show abstract

“…122.5 ). In animal studies (biologic model with rabbits) the phosphadidylcholine-deoxycholate injected group showed marked increase in the tissue necrosis, infl ammatory exudation and fi brosis compared to a control group (Rittes et al 2006 ) .…”

Section: Mesotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometry of Local Fat Reduction

Greenway

Pekarovics²

2012

Handbook of Anthropometry

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Obesity is growing around the world in epidemic proportions. Diabetes follows obesity by approximately 10 years and the prevalence of diabetes is growing rapidly as well. Not only are diabetes and obesity associated with much suffering and disease, they are also expensive and threaten the economics of public health systems globally. Obesity medications give modest weight loss at best. Diet and lifestyle change are the basis of obesity treatment, and the growing obesity epidemic is testimony to their limitations. Obesity is a stigmatized condition. The fat in obesity is usually concentrated around the waist or at the hips and thighs. Women with lower body obesity become discouraged and may stop dieting, because fat is lost predominantly from their breasts which they often feel are too small, and not from their hips and thighs where they would prefer to lose it. Local fat reduction represents a way that people can direct the area from which fat is lost which gives them control over their own anthropometry. This ability can encourage subjects to remain in weight loss programs for longer periods of time, lose more weight and improve their health to a greater degree. There have been several approaches to local fat reduction. Invasive approaches include plastic surgery and liposuction. Mesotherapy, the injection of lipolytic stimulators or substances that destroy fat cells subcutaneously, is a less invasive method of removing fat locally. The least invasive approaches are low energy laser treatments that release fat from fat cells through the creation of pores in the cell membranes or topical creams containing lipolytic substances that cross the skin into the fat tissue. Although one might be tempted to dismiss all these methods as being cosmetic without any medical benefit, directing the areas from which fat is lost during a weight loss program is encouraging to many obese subjects, improves their self-image and gives them the motivation to continue losing weight for a longer period of time. Longer weight loss programs are associated with greater weight loss and greater health benefits. We hope this chapter allows a risk-benefit assessment of the different methods of local fat reduction. We also hope this chapter makes a case for the benefits of directing the area from which fat is lost during a weight loss program, potentially leading to longer and greater fat loss with a commensurate increase in medical benefits.

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“…Over the past decade, investigations by Dr. Rittes [33][34][35] and others [2, 22, 20, 36, 28, 37-39, 29, 40-42, 30, 43, 31, 44, 45] have reported that Lipostabil, compounded PC/DC, and compounded DC reduce fat on the hips, the abdomen, the back rolls (known affectionately as "love handles" in men or "bra strap fat" in women), dorsocervical region ("buffalo hump"), the neck, the jowls, and the lipomas (Figure 4.2). Two relatively recently conducted, IRB-approved prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trials with compounded PC/DC and DC alone in submental fat [3] (Figure 4.3) and hips [30] and have substantiated the beneficial clinical effects of these medication observed in prior case series and retrospective studies.…”

Section: Brief History Of Mesotherapy Lipostabil ® Lipodissolve ® mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Almost immediately, inflammation and edema manifest clinically. Living and ex vivo animal human tissue exposed to DC, as well as PC/DC combinations, demonstrate fat cell lysis; erythrocytes extravasation; and a mixed infiltrate consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells; and fibrosis [2,5,34,28,29,40,41,31,45,58,49]. The visible gross and histological progression of events that occurs following detergent injection into a lipoma has been documented [31] (Figure 4.9).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Fat Reduction and Further Implications On Efficmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injectable treatments for fat and cellulite

Rotunda

2015

Fat Removal

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Injection of Phosphatidylcholine in Fat Tissue: Experimental Study of Local Action in Rabbits

Abstract: Necrosis of the fat cells in all the phosphatidylcholine-injected animals was observed. Further studies should be performed to clarify and determine the mechanisms of action.

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

Compounds Used for ‘Injection Lipolysis’ Destroy Adipocytes and other Cells Found in Adipose Tissue

Compounds Used for ‘Injection Lipolysis’ Destroy Adipocytes and other Cells Found in Adipose Tissue

Anthropometry of Local Fat Reduction

Injectable treatments for fat and cellulite

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