“…Third, implanted substitutes that can easily integrate into the host native tissues with immunocompatibility and biocompatibility. During the past decade, we have witnessed advanced progress in the field of cartilage TE, embodied by the following changes: (i) sufficient seed cell selection for applications (mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells) [ [6] , [7] , [8] ]; (ii) precise patterning of biomaterials and novel biomaterials with advanced chemistries (more efficient and versatile biomaterial conjugations) [ 1 , 9 , 10 ]; (iii) active modulation of cellular biological functions and behaviors via structure and properties (e.g., stiffness, viscoelasticity, porosity and degradability) of biomaterials [ [11] , [12] , [13] ]; (iv) combination of biological drugs and factors are combined to improve bioavailability and bioactivity [ [14] , [15] , [16] ]; (v) rapid development of biofabrication technologies including programmed self-assembly and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] ].…”