Initiation of reflex swallowing from the naso- and oropharynx

Sinclair, W. A.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.218.4.956

Cited by 59 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It has been generally accepted that water is a physiological stimulus (25)(26)(27). Therefore, the results suggest that NO is involved in reflex swallowing from the pharynx under physiological conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The regions of the pharynx involved in initiation of reflex swallowing have been analyzed in many studies (5-7, 15, 17, 21, 24 -28). One study showed that, in the cat, the posterior pillars are the most reflexogenic to mechanical stimulation, and the posterior pharyngeal wall is slightly less sensitive (27). Recently, Kitagawa et al (17) examined the receptive regions for swallowing in the rat and reported that the palatopharyngeal arches, the posterior pharyngeal wall, the edge of the soft palate, the epiglottis, and the aryepiglottic fold are the most sensitive areas for reflex swallowing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nitric oxide modulates elicitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx in rats

Kijima¹

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

. Nitric oxide modulates elicitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291: R651-R656, 2006. First published April 6, 2006 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00646.2005.-The pharynx is very important for elicitation of reflex swallowing. The region of the pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPNph). Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in various physiological functions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of NO to reflex swallowing evoked by electrical stimulation of the GPN-ph. Swallowing was evoked in urethane-anesthetized rats by application of repetitive electrical stimulation (10-to 20-A amplitude, 10-to 20-Hz frequency, 1.0-ms duration) to the central cut end of the GPN-ph or superior laryngeal nerve. Swallowing was identified by electromyographic activity of the mylohyoid muscle. Latency to the first swallow and the interval between swallows were measured. Intravenous administration of N G -nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 0.6 mg/ kg), a nonselective inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), extremely prolonged latency to the first swallow and the interval between swallows evoked by the GPN-ph. Intraperitoneal administration of 7-nitroindazole (5.0 mg/kg), a selective inhibitor of neuronal NOS, significantly prolonged latency to the first swallow and the interval between swallows evoked by the GPN-ph. Administration of L-arginine (an NO donor, 500 mg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (an NO releaser, 0.6 mg/kg) restored the suppression of swallowing induced by the NOS inhibitor. Superior laryngeal nerve-evoked swallowing was suppressed by administration of a higher dose of L-NNA (6.0 mg/kg). Swallowing evoked by water stimulation of the pharynx was also suppressed by L-NNA (0.6 mg/kg). These results suggest that NO plays an important role in signal processing for initiation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx. nitric oxide synthase; pharyngeal branch; glossopharyngeal nerve; superior laryngeal nerve; L-arginine THE PHARYNX IS VERY IMPORTANT for elicitation of reflex swallowing. The regions of the pharynx involved in initiation of reflex swallowing have been analyzed in many studies (5-7, 15, 17, 21, 24 -28). One study showed that, in the cat, the posterior pillars are the most reflexogenic to mechanical stimulation, and the posterior pharyngeal wall is slightly less sensitive (27). Recently, Kitagawa et al. (17) examined the receptive regions for swallowing in the rat and reported that the palatopharyngeal arches, the posterior pharyngeal wall, the edge of the soft palate, the epiglottis, and the aryepiglottic fold are the most sensitive areas for reflex swallowing. On the basis of a study by Pommerenke (24), the receptive regions for swallowing in humans are considered to be essentially similar to those in animals.The effective regions for elicitation of reflex swallowing are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN) and the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) (6,14,20,21,26,28,30). The SLN has been well known as ...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric oxide modulates elicitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx in rats

Kijima¹

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The speed of food bolus movement to the oropharynx and larynx differs depending on the type of food (solid food or liquid). Chemical or mechanical stimulation of the pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa is thought to be involved in evoking reflex swallowing (6,11,(14)(15)(16)(17)19,20), suggesting that inter-activation of afferent signals from the pharynx and larynx plays a crucial role. However, it is still unknown how these afferent inputs from the oropharynx and larynx interact and how they are involved in evoking reflex swallowing.…”

Section: Originalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN) in reflex swallowing is less well understood (2,7). However, mechanical stimulation of the pharyngeal region innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN-ph) evokes reflex swallowing readily (11,(14)(15)(16)(17). We have previously demonstrated by electrical stimulation of the GPN-ph that it plays a major role in the initiation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx and larynx

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The sensory regions that evoke pharyngeal swallowing with application of pressure or various liquids in both humans and laboratory animals include the soft palate, uvula, dorsal tongue surface, faucial pillars, dorsal pharyngeal wall, pharyngeal surface of the epiglottis, and glosso-epiglottidinal sinus (Miller and Sherrington, 1916;Pommerenke, 1928;Storey, 1968a,b;Sinclair, 1970Sinclair, , 1971. The effectiveness of eliciting pharyngeal swallowing in humans with touch/pressure depends upon the site and the intensity of the stimulation (Pommerenke, 1928).…”

Section: (3) Transport and Protection: Pharynx (A) Pharyngeal Swallowingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral and Pharyngeal Reflexes in the Mammalian Nervous System: Their Diverse Range in Complexity and the Pivotal Role of the Tongue

Miller

2002

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

160

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT:The oral cavity and pharynx are anatomically separate but functionally integrated regions of the head. The two regions are involved in complex motor responses that include feeding, chewing, swallowing, speech, and respiration. The multiple sensory receptors that innervate these two regions provide the first link in reflexes that control muscles of the entire head, upper gastrointestinal tract, and airway. Most of the reflexes affect the diversity of muscles that compose the tongue, which is vital to all stages of feeding and which continually affects the patency of the airway. Oral-pharyngeal reflexes are evident in the mammalian fetus and continually emerge as the animal or human matures. Some of the first reflexes in the oral region are geared toward nourishment. As the central nervous system matures and the oral and pharyngeal regions develop morphologically, new reflexes develop. Many of these reflexes are protective both of the tissue in the oral cavity, such as the tongue, and of the upper airway in preventing aspiration. While simple reflexes can be evoked in isolation, most reflexes combine with more complex oral and pharyngeal responses such as chewing and vocalization. Oral-pharyngeal reflexes demonstrate a range in complexity. Some sensory stimuli will evoke a series of responses, as is often evident in the infant, and other stimuli will evoke a complex multiple-level recruitment of muscles in a sequence, as in pharyngeal swallowing. Certain sensory inputs evoke an entire motor behavior pattern, such as taste avoidance or facial expression. The oral-pharyngeal reflexes are critical to maintaining life and ultimately serve functions that the oral and pharyngeal regions have in common, such as communication, feeding, and breathing.

show abstract

Initiation of reflex swallowing from the naso- and oropharynx

Cited by 59 publications

References 0 publications

Nitric oxide modulates elicitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx in rats

Nitric oxide modulates elicitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx in rats

Facilitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx and larynx

Oral and Pharyngeal Reflexes in the Mammalian Nervous System: Their Diverse Range in Complexity and the Pivotal Role of the Tongue

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About