Initiating communication: What do you say when you say hello?

Verbal Strategies Used in Opening a Conversation in Office Settings by English and Vietnamese Staff and Managers

“…After that, numerous researchers around the world have drawn their keenness in this area. Among them, Krivonos and Knapp (1975), Duranti (1992), Schiffrin (1977), Omar (1992) and Pillet-Shore (2008) are remarkable in their approach to the area of conversational opening in various aspects. With the aim to compare conversational openings between acquainted and non-acquainted participants, Krivonos and Knapp (1975) introduce categories of verbal and non-verbal greeting behaviors.…”

“…Among them, Krivonos and Knapp (1975), Duranti (1992), Schiffrin (1977), Omar (1992) and Pillet-Shore (2008) are remarkable in their approach to the area of conversational opening in various aspects. With the aim to compare conversational openings between acquainted and non-acquainted participants, Krivonos and Knapp (1975) introduce categories of verbal and non-verbal greeting behaviors. The verbal and non-verbal behaviors are ranked and analyzed in terms of the frequency of occurrence and then the effects of acquaintanceship on greetings are drawn out and assessed.…”

“…From his base form, various adaptations are introduced and applied to particular situations. Unlike Krivonos and Knapp (1975) and Schiffrin (1977), Omar (1992) and Pillet-Shore (2008) examine conversational opening from pragmatic and conversation analysis perspectives respectively. From pragmatic perspective, Omar (1992) investigates conversational opening in Kiswahili performed by native and non-native speakers and concludes that the opening in Kiswahili is lengthy and often includes several phatic inquiries and phatic responses (p. 18).…”

Towards the improvement of Augmentative and Alternative Communication through the modelling of conversation

“…Opening and closing stages of conversations are particularly formulaic and relatively predictable parts of an interaction (Krivonos and Knapp, 1975;Laver, 1981;Schegloff and Sacks, 1973). The CHAT (Conversation Helped by Automatic Talk) system was designed to contain recognizable and formulaic stages of conversation such as Greetings, Responses to Greetings, Smalltalk, Wrap-up Remarks and Farewells, hence accommodating the opening and closing phases of conversation (Alm et al, 1987(Alm et al, , 1989a.…”

“…"), but as with this example an apology for the truncated interaction might be expected. Figure 4 shows three opening stages (Krivonos and Knapp, 1975;Laver, 1981;Rosner, 1981;Sacks, 1995) and two closing stages (Schegloff and Sacks, 1973;Knapp et al, 1973;Laver, 1981;Sacks, 1995) of an encounter. The central part of an interaction is, of course, widely diverse, but what can be said is that it will consist either of utterances or reactions to the utterances of others.…”