Inhibitory Effect of Resveratrol against Duck Enteritis Virus In Vitro

Abstract

Duck viral enteritis (DVE) is an acute, contagious herpesvirus infection of ducks, geese, and swans of all ages and species. This disease has been responsible for significant economic losses in domestic and wild waterfowl as a result of mortality, and decreased egg production. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring phytoalexin in specific plants and exhibits inhibitory activity against many kinds of virus. In this paper, resveratrol was found to inhibit duck enteritis virus (DEV) replication in a dose-dependent manner, with a 50% inhibition concentration of 3.85 μg/mL. The inhibition in virus multiplication in the presence of resveratrol was not attributed to direct inactivation or inhibition of virus attachment to the host cells, but to the inhibition of viral multiplication in host cells. The assay of the time of addition limited the drug effect during the first 8 h of infection. This conclusion was supported by the ultrastructure images of the early stage of DEV infection, which showed that the replication of virus nucleic acid and the formation of the capsid in the cell nucleus were suppressed. In the indirect immunofluorescence assay, proteins expression in DEV infected duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) within 24 h post-infection (p.i.) was also effectively suppressed by resveratrol. In summary, the resveratrol has a good activity against DEV infection in vitro, which could be attributed to that fact that several essential immediate early viral proteins for virus replication were impacted by resveratrol.

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“…Interestingly, as the recent report suggested, resveratrol can be a promising anti-COVID-19 drug candidate, likely acting through interference with the viral spike protein function ( 66 ). This is in line with the results from previous studies, which have shown that resveratrol inhibited the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), extended cellular survival after virus infection ( 67 ), and demonstrated antiviral activity against other viruses ( 68 ).…”

Antiviral properties of resveratrol against pseudorabies virus are associated with the inhibition of IκB kinase activation

“…Res, a member of the natural stilbene family, has been found to be effective on several viruses 1 , 11 , 18 , 19 . In our previous study, Res showed potent antiviral activity against virulent duck enteritis virus both in vitro and vivo 10 , 16 . Although Res has been widely studied for its antiviral activities, research regarding its antiviral mechanisms remain lacking.…”

“…The cytotoxicity of Res in duck embryo fibroblasts has previously been tested in our laboratory 16 . We tested a range of concentrations at which Res may exhibit potential cytotoxic activity on PK-15 cells.…”

“…It has been reported that the antiviral activities of test samples were confirmed mainly based on their capability to reduce virus titre or inhibit CPE 16 . Real-time PCR based on TaqMan technology provides an accurate tool to quantify viral DNA.…”

Kaempferol inhibits pseudorabies virus replication in vitro through regulation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways

“…Then a cascade-like fashion started with the expression of only one immediate-early gene to regulate PRV transcription [38]. In the present study, the capability of kaempferol to reduce virus titer, a basic index to evaluate the antiviral activity of samples [39], at different infection stages was tested. The study con rmed that kaempferol had ability to decrease the virus titer, especially at penetration and replication stages, which implied that kaempferol could inhibit the function of gB, gH, gL or gD [36] and the cascade-like fashion of PRV transcription [40].…”