Inhibitory effect of proteinase K against dermatophyte biofilms: an alternative for increasing the antifungal effects of terbinafine and griseofulvin

Brilhante, Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira; Lopes, Raissa Geovanna Pereira; Aguiar, Lara de; Oliveira, Jonathas Sales de; Araújo, Géssica dos Santos; Paixão, Germana Costa; Pereira-Neto, Waldemiro de Aquino; Freire, Raquel Santiago; Nunes, João Victor Serra; Lima, Renan Pereira de; Santos, Flávia Almeida; Sidrim, José Júlio Costa; Rocha, Marcos Fábio Gadelha

doi:10.1080/08927014.2022.2063720

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Bearing in mind all the aforementioned special characteristics of biofilms, it is obvious that there should be a different approach with regards to susceptibility testing and treatment. Concerning susceptibility testing, there have been methods introduced to evaluate either the inhibition of biofilm formation or the ability to eradicate them [ 26 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Usually, the concentrations able to inhibit or eradicate biofilm structures are much higher than that of common MICs that are measured by assays using planktonic cells [ 42 , 50 , 57 ].…”

Section: Susceptibility Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analyses of the biofilms are performed by the use of various techniques and substances. Regarding the in vitro experiments, XTT-tetrazolium salt [ 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 51 ] and MTT-tetrazolium dye [ 41 , 52 , 53 ] are used to perform colorimetric techniques that provide indirect indications about the metabolic activity and, subsequently, the viability of the biofilms. Crystal violet [ 26 , 43 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 ] and safranin [ 26 , 44 , 54 ] are also used for colorimetric techniques that yield biomass quantification.…”

Section: Susceptibility Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the in vitro experiments, XTT-tetrazolium salt [ 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 51 ] and MTT-tetrazolium dye [ 41 , 52 , 53 ] are used to perform colorimetric techniques that provide indirect indications about the metabolic activity and, subsequently, the viability of the biofilms. Crystal violet [ 26 , 43 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 ] and safranin [ 26 , 44 , 54 ] are also used for colorimetric techniques that yield biomass quantification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence microscopy are used for both in vitro and ex vivo experiments [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ], and they provide information about the biofilm structure.…”

Section: Susceptibility Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crystal violet [ 26 , 43 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 ] and safranin [ 26 , 44 , 54 ] are also used for colorimetric techniques that yield biomass quantification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence microscopy are used for both in vitro and ex vivo experiments [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ], and they provide information about the biofilm structure. The addition of sterile water to the wells with the preformed biofilms, the suspension of their cells and subsequent quantification of the CFUs after inoculation in Sabouraud dextrose agar is a method that is also applied in both in vitro and ex vivo experiments [ 43 , 45 , 48 , 55 ].…”

Section: Susceptibility Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formulation proved to be effective against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms. Recently, Brilhante et al studied the antibiofilm effects of Proteinase K, a broad-spectrum serine protease, and showed that it has antibiofilm properties and a synergistic effect when combined with antifungals [ 53 ].…”

Section: Treatment Potentialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermatophytic Biofilms: Characteristics, Significance and Treatment Approaches

Markantonatou

Samaras

Vyzantiadis

2023

JoF

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Microbes are found in the environment, possibly more often as biofilms than in planktonic forms. Biofilm formation has been described for several important fungal species. The presence of a dermatophytoma in a dermatophytic nail infection was the basis for the proposal that dermatophytes form biofilms as well. This could explain treatment failure and recurrent dermatophytic infections. Several investigators have performed in vitro and ex vivo experiments to study the formation of biofilms by dermatophytes and their properties. The nature of the biofilm structure itself contributes to fungal protection mechanisms against many harmful external agents, including antifungals. Thus, a different approach should be carried out regarding susceptibility testing and treatment. Concerning susceptibility testing, methods to evaluate either the inhibition of biofilm formation, or the ability to eradicate it, have been introduced. As for treatment, in addition to classical antifungal agents, some natural formulations, such as plant extracts or biosurfactants, and alternative approaches, such as photodynamic therapy, have been proposed. Studies that connect the results of the in vitro and ex vivo experimentation with clinical outcomes are required in order to verify the efficacy of these approaches in clinical practice.

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