“…The anti-proliferative effects of AKBA were associated with reduction in AR transcript and protein [92]. Using reporter gene constructs and gel shift assays it was shown that the downregulation of AR was a result of the inhibition of Sp1 DNA binding activity by AKBA.…”
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences within gene promoter regions. Specificity protein (Sp) family transcription factors play a critical role in various cellular processes and have been shown to be associated with tumorigenesis. The Sp family consists of several members that contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain composed of three zinc fingers at the C-terminus and serine/threonine- and glutamine-rich transactivation domains at the N-terminal. Sp1 is elevated in several cancers including prostate and is associated with the prognosis of patients. Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 regulate a variety of cancer associated genes that are involved in cell cycle, proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Studies have shown that in prostate cancer, Sp1 regulates important genes like androgen receptor, TGF-β, c-Met, fatty acid synthase, matrix metalloprotein (MT1-MMP), PSA, and α-integrin. These results highlight the importance of Sp1 in prostate cancer and emphasize the potential therapeutic value of targeting Sp1. Several strategies, including the use of natural and synthetic compounds, have been used to inhibit Sp1 in prostate cancer. These include polyphenol quercetin, betulinic acid, acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, tea phenols, isothiocyanates, thiazolidinediones, arsenic trioxide, and selenium. This review will describe the association of Sp proteins in prostate cancer with a special emphasis on some of the agents tested to target Sp proteins for the treatment of this malignancy.
“…The anti-proliferative effects of AKBA were associated with reduction in AR transcript and protein [92]. Using reporter gene constructs and gel shift assays it was shown that the downregulation of AR was a result of the inhibition of Sp1 DNA binding activity by AKBA.…”
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences within gene promoter regions. Specificity protein (Sp) family transcription factors play a critical role in various cellular processes and have been shown to be associated with tumorigenesis. The Sp family consists of several members that contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain composed of three zinc fingers at the C-terminus and serine/threonine- and glutamine-rich transactivation domains at the N-terminal. Sp1 is elevated in several cancers including prostate and is associated with the prognosis of patients. Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 regulate a variety of cancer associated genes that are involved in cell cycle, proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Studies have shown that in prostate cancer, Sp1 regulates important genes like androgen receptor, TGF-β, c-Met, fatty acid synthase, matrix metalloprotein (MT1-MMP), PSA, and α-integrin. These results highlight the importance of Sp1 in prostate cancer and emphasize the potential therapeutic value of targeting Sp1. Several strategies, including the use of natural and synthetic compounds, have been used to inhibit Sp1 in prostate cancer. These include polyphenol quercetin, betulinic acid, acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, tea phenols, isothiocyanates, thiazolidinediones, arsenic trioxide, and selenium. This review will describe the association of Sp proteins in prostate cancer with a special emphasis on some of the agents tested to target Sp proteins for the treatment of this malignancy.
“…It also decreased androgen receptor expression at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, evaluation of functional biomarkers showed suppressions of prostate-specific antigen promoter-dependent and androgen responsive element-dependent luciferase activities (Yuan et al, 2008).…”
“…Given the important function of transcription factors in neoplastic mechanism, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis (Xie et al 2006), characterization of their interaction with PTTG requires further investigation. Recent studies of Sp1 inhibition have shown promising anti-angiogenic and anti-fibrotic effects in prostate cancer as well as in kidney and lung fibrosis respectively (Chae et al 2006, Yuan et al 2008. Thus, the effects of Sp1 inhibition in neoplasms overexpressing PTTG should be investigated and may provide a potential therapeutic target in these neoplasms.…”
Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) was only recently discovered. Its overexpression occurs in a wide variety of endocrine and non-endocrine tumors, including ones of pituitary, thyroid, ovary, breast, prostate, lung, esophagus, colon, and the central nervous system. It affects tumor invasiveness and recurrence in several systems, functions as a securin during cell cycle progression, and inhibits premature sister chromatid separation. PTTG is involved in multiple cellular pathways, including proliferation, DNA repair, transformation, angiogenesis induction, invasion, and the induction of genetic instability. In thyroid carcinomas, PTTG expression is a marker of invasiveness. PTTG is overexpressed in most pituitary adenomas, where it appears to correlate with recurrence and angiogenesis. Increasing evidence also points to the role of PTTG in endocrine organ development. For example, PTTG knockout mice show defective pancreatic b-cell proliferation. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding PTTG-mediated pathways based on evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies as well as knockout mice models. We also summarize the issue of PTTG expression and its correlation with clinicopathologic parameters in patients with neoplasms, particularly of endocrine organs. In addition, we discuss in vitro and in vivo therapeutic models targeting PTTG overexpression.
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