Inhibitory control gains from higher-order cognitive strategy training

Motes, Michael A.; Gamino, Jacquelyn F.; Chapman, Sandra B.; Rao, Neena K.; Maguire, Mandy J.; Brier, Matthew R.; Kraut, Michael A.; Hart, John

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.10.007

Cited by 26 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Complex abstraction is also referred to as gist reasoning. The TOSL is an assessment that has been previously utilized as a criterion-referenced measure of ability to abstract meaning from complex information in typically developing youth (Chapman et al, 2012; Motes et al, 2014), healthy adults (Anand et al, 2011; Vas et al, 2016a), adults with MCI (Mudar et al, 2016), and adults and youth with TBI (Vas et al, 2011, 2015, 2016a; Cook et al, 2014). Recent evidence supports TOSL as both a sensitive and specific metric of complex abstraction ability (Vas et al, 2016b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Executive Function and Neural Health in Bipolar Disorder through Reasoning Training

et al. 2016

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Cognitive deficits in executive function and memory among individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) are well-documented; however, only recently have efforts begun to address whether such cognitive deficits can be ameliorated through cognitive training. This pilot study examined the effects of a top–down, cognitive reasoning training program in adults with BD on both brain and cognitive measures. Twenty-seven participants (11 males, 16 females), aged 21–70 years old, completed the study. Participants completed neurocognitive testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after training, consisting of 8 h (2 h/week) of training in small groups. The training delivered information processing strategies that were implemented and applicable to a variety of daily living contexts. Results indicated that participants showed significant gains in the primary outcome measure of complex abstraction, also referred to as gist reasoning, as well as in untrained domains of executive function and memory. We found a significant increase in resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) in left inferior frontal gyrus after cognitive training. We also found that resting CBF in the right frontal middle gyrus correlated positively with performance on the measure of complex abstraction. This feasibility study provides promising evidence that short-term reasoning training can enhance cognitive performance and brain health in adults with BD. These data motivate further efforts to explore adjuvant therapeutics to improve cognitive performance and underlying brain systems in bipolar, as well as other psychiatric disorders. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02843282, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02843282

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Executive Function and Neural Health in Bipolar Disorder through Reasoning Training

et al. 2016

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“…The TOSL is a criterion-referenced assessment, which evaluates skills encompassing different levels of complexity. The TOSL has been previously validated as a measure of ability to abstract meaning from complex information in typically developing youth (32, 36), in healthy adults (29), and in adults with TBI (27), and has demonstrated test–retest reliability (30–32). The TOSL has been shown to be sensitive to both gist-based and fact-based processing deficits in children with TBI (12, 13, 15), children with ADHD (37), and adolescents from poverty (30).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the ability to process and recall the gist from classroom readings is related to depth and efficiency of learning compared to fact or detail-level recall in children (28). In order to target strengthening of gist reasoning skills, Chapman and colleagues developed Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART), a program which promotes deeper understanding of information encountered in everyday life (27, 29–32). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Gains from Gist Reasoning Training in Adolescents with Chronic-Stage Traumatic Brain Injury

et al. 2014

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Adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) typically demonstrate good recovery of previously acquired skills. However, higher-order and later emergent cognitive functions are often impaired and linked to poor outcomes in academic and social/behavioral domains. Few control trials exist that test cognitive treatment effectiveness at chronic recovery stages. The current pilot study compared the effects of two forms of cognitive training, gist reasoning (top-down) versus rote memory learning (bottom-up), on ability to abstract meanings, recall facts, and utilize core executive functions (i.e., working memory, inhibition) in 20 adolescents (ages 12–20) who were 6 months or longer post-TBI. Participants completed eight 45-min sessions over 1 month. After training, the gist reasoning group (n = 10) exhibited significant improvement in ability to abstract meanings and increased fact recall. This group also showed significant generalizations to untrained executive functions of working memory and inhibition. The memory training group (n = 10) failed to show significant gains in ability to abstract meaning or on other untrained specialized executive functions, although improved fact recall approached significance. These preliminary results suggest that relatively short-term training (6 h) utilizing a top-down reasoning approach is more effective than a bottom-up rote learning approach in achieving gains in higher-order cognitive abilities in adolescents at chronic stages of TBI. These findings need to be replicated in a larger study; nonetheless, the preliminary data suggest that traditional cognitive intervention schedules need to extend to later-stage training opportunities. Chronic-stage, higher-order cognitive trainings may serve to elevate levels of cognitive performance in adolescents with TBI.

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“…In a subsequent study Motes et al (2014) examined the effects of Gist training on neural mechanisms related to inhibitory control using electroencephalograph (EEG). Participants in the Gist training group vs. a Wait-list control group completed three visual go/no-go tasks that involved varying levels of semantic categorization (basic to more abstract superordinate categorization) both before and after training or a comparable duration in the case of the controls.…”

Section: Evidence Of Gains From Gist Training Vs Control Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This integration of incoming data with prior knowledge necessitates activation of top-down processing with enhanced depth of encoding compared to simple representation of literal input. Third, gist reasoning is a practical skill that the majority of people from adolescence to old age can implement and practice throughout their daily normal mental activities (Lloyd and Reyna, 2009; Gamino et al, 2010; Vas et al, 2011; Motes et al, 2014). Examples of gist reasoning are meaning-creations illustrated by generating interpretations, themes, take-home messages, synopses, or generalized statements, to mention a few forms.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of cognitive and neural functions through complex reasoning training: evidence from normal and clinical populations

Chapman

Mudar

2014

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Public awareness of cognitive health is fairly recent compared to physical health. Growing evidence suggests that cognitive training offers promise in augmenting cognitive brain performance in normal and clinical populations. Targeting higher-order cognitive functions, such as reasoning in particular, may promote generalized cognitive changes necessary for supporting the complexities of daily life. This data-driven perspective highlights cognitive and brain changes measured in randomized clinical trials that trained gist reasoning strategies in populations ranging from teenagers to healthy older adults, individuals with brain injury to those at-risk for Alzheimer's disease. The evidence presented across studies support the potential for Gist reasoning training to strengthen cognitive performance in trained and untrained domains and to engage more efficient communication across widespread neural networks that support higher-order cognition. The meaningful benefits of Gist training provide compelling motivation to examine optimal dose for sustained benefits as well as to explore additive benefits of meditation, physical exercise, and/or improved sleep in future studies.

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Inhibitory control gains from higher-order cognitive strategy training

Cited by 26 publications

References 95 publications

Enhancing Executive Function and Neural Health in Bipolar Disorder through Reasoning Training

Enhancing Executive Function and Neural Health in Bipolar Disorder through Reasoning Training

Cognitive Gains from Gist Reasoning Training in Adolescents with Chronic-Stage Traumatic Brain Injury

Enhancement of cognitive and neural functions through complex reasoning training: evidence from normal and clinical populations

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