Inhibitor of REL/NF-КB is regulated in Sydney rock oysters in response to specific double-stranded RNA and Vibrio alginolyticus, but the major immune anti-oxidants EcSOD and Prx6 are non-inducible

Green, Timothy J.; Barnes, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.05.005

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Our non-invasive experimental infection technique aimed at reproducing horizontal transfer of vibriosis to healthy oysters. For mollusk bivalves and C. gigas in particular, most studies reported in the literature have used a form of immune stimulation based on a treatment by inactivated microorganisms, mainly Micrococcus luteus, V. splendidus, V. anguillarum, V. alginolyticus, V. tubiashii, V. metschnikovii [16,23,48,49], or microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides poly I:C, poly G:C and dsDNA [48,50,51], with the main purpose of confirming the involvement of newly identified putative immune genes in defense reactions and studying them at a transcriptional level. These studies and some others used live bacteria, which were mostly harmless strains of Micrococcus luteus, V. alginolyticus, V. tasmaniensis, V. anguillarum, V. splendidus, V. tubiashii and V. metschnikovii [20,23,24,33,52,53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibriosis induced by experimental cohabitation in Crassostrea gigas: Evidence of early infection and down-expression of immune-related genes

Decker

Saulnier

2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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The understanding of reciprocal interactions between Crassostrea gigas and Vibrio sp., whether these be virulent or avirulent, is vital for the development of methods to improve the health status of cultured oysters. We describe an original non-invasive experimental infection technique using cohabitation, designed to explore these interactions. Using real-time PCR techniques we examined the dynamics of virulent and avirulent Vibrio sp. in oyster hemolymph and tank seawater, and made a parallel study of the expression of four genes involved in oyster immune defense: Cg-BPI, Cg-EcSOD, Cg-IκB, Cg-TIMP. No mortality occurred in control animals, but oysters put in cohabitation for 2-48 h with animals previously infected by two Vibrio pathogens suffered mortalities from 2 to 16 days post-cohabitation. Our results show that virulent Vibrio infect healthy individuals after only 2 h of cohabitation, with values ranging from 4.5 x 10² to 2 x 10⁴ cells ml⁻¹ hemolymph. Simultaneously, an approximate ten-fold increase of the total Vibrio population was observed in control animals, with a 6.6-78.5-fold up-expression of targeted genes. In contrast, oysters exposed to harmful bacteria had mean expression levels strongly down-regulated by a factor of 9.2-29 (depending on the gene) compared with control animals. Although oysters were still found to be infected by virulent Vibrio after 6-48 h of cohabitation, no significant differences were noted when comparing levels of each transcript in control and infected oysters at the same sampling times during this period: the important differences were noted before 6 h cohabitation. Taken together, our data support (1) the hypothesis that virulent Vibrio disturbs the immune response of this invertebrate host both rapidly and significantly, although this occurs specifically during an early and transient period during the first 6 h of cohabitation challenge, and that (2) expression of targeted genes is not correlated with vibriosis resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibriosis induced by experimental cohabitation in Crassostrea gigas: Evidence of early infection and down-expression of immune-related genes

Decker

Saulnier

2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…Oyster challenge experiments. Juvenile oysters (C. gigas) had a notch filed in their shell adjacent to their adductor muscle to allow delivery of poly(I : C) (5 mg ml 21 in seawater; Sigma) according to previous published procedures (Green & Barnes, 2009;Green et al, 2014b). At 0 h, oysters were injected with 50 ml poly(I : C) or seawater (control) and placed in replicated aquariums (salinity 35 p.p.t., 19 uC, aerated).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oyster viperin retains direct antiviral activity and its transcription occurs via a signalling pathway involving a heat-stable haemolymph protein

Green

Speck

Geng

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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Little is known about the response of non-model invertebrates, such as oysters, to virus infection. The vertebrate innate immune system detects virus-derived nucleic acids to trigger the type I IFN pathway, leading to the transcription of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that exert antiviral functions. Invertebrates were thought to lack the IFN pathway based on the absence of IFN or ISGs encoded in model invertebrate genomes. However, the oyster genome encodes many ISGs, including the well-described antiviral protein viperin. In this study, we characterized oyster viperin and showed that it localizes to caveolin-1 and inhibits dengue virus replication in a heterologous model. In a second set of experiments, we have provided evidence that the haemolymph from poly(I : C)-injected oysters contains a heat-stable, proteasesusceptible factor that induces haemocyte transcription of viperin mRNA in conjunction with upregulation of IFN regulatory factor. Collectively, these results support the concept that oysters have antiviral systems that are homologous to the vertebrate IFN pathway.

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“…Studies conducted in fish have demonstrated that poly I:C injection induces an interferon response [24] that can provide protection against subsequent viral infection [25,26]. Previously, it was demonstrated that poly I:C injection was a powerful inducer of putative antiviral gene expression in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata [27]. Synergies in the pathways and genes expressed by S. glomerata following poly I:C injection were observed with C. gigas experimentally infected with OsHV-1 [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly I:C induces a protective antiviral immune response in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) against subsequent challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 μvar)

Green

Montagnani

2013

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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In-vivo studies were carried out to investigate the protective effect of a synthetic viral analogue (poly I:C) against Ostreid herpes virus (OsHV-1 μvar). Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were immune-primed by intramuscular injection of 240 μg of poly I:C or sterile seawater at 1 day prior to infection with OsHV-1 μvar. Poly I:C injection induced an antiviral state in C. gigas as the percentage of viral-infected oysters at 48 h post infection was significantly lower in the poly I:C treatment (11%) compared to seawater controls (100%). In an additional experiment, we demonstrated that the protective role of poly I:C is reproducible and elicits a specific antiviral response as immune-priming with heat-killed Vibrio splendidus provided no protection against subsequent viral infection. In both experiments, genes homologous to a toll-like receptor (TLR), MyD88, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and protein kinase R (PKR) were up-regulated in oysters immune-primed with poly I:C compared to seawater controls (p < 0.05). The MyD88, IRF and PKR genes were also significantly up-regulated in response to OsHV-1 μvar infection (p < 0.05), which is suggestive that they are implicated in the antiviral response of C. gigas. Our results demonstrate that C. gigas can recognise double-strand RNA to initiate an innate immune response that inhibits viral infection. The observed response has striking similarities to the hallmarks of the type-1 interferon response of vertebrates.

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Inhibitor of REL/NF-КB is regulated in Sydney rock oysters in response to specific double-stranded RNA and Vibrio alginolyticus, but the major immune anti-oxidants EcSOD and Prx6 are non-inducible

Cited by 23 publications

References 47 publications

Vibriosis induced by experimental cohabitation in Crassostrea gigas: Evidence of early infection and down-expression of immune-related genes

Vibriosis induced by experimental cohabitation in Crassostrea gigas: Evidence of early infection and down-expression of immune-related genes

Oyster viperin retains direct antiviral activity and its transcription occurs via a signalling pathway involving a heat-stable haemolymph protein

Poly I:C induces a protective antiviral immune response in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) against subsequent challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 μvar)

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