Inhibition of snake venom induced sterile inflammation and PLA2 activity by Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles in experimental animals

Abstract

Sterile inflammation (SI) is an essential process in response to snakebite and injury. The venom induced pathophysiological response to sterile inflammation results into many harmful and deleterious effects that ultimately leads to death. The available treatment for snakebite is antiserum which does not provide enough protection against venom-induced pathophysiological changes like haemorrhage, necrosis, nephrotoxicity and often develop hypersensitive reactions. In order to overcome these hindrances, scientists around the globe are searching for an alternative therapy to provide better treatment to the snake envenomation patients. In the present study TiO 2 (Titanium dioxide)-NPs (Nanoparticles) has been assessed for antisnake venom activity and its potential to be used as an antidote. In this study, the synthesis of TiO 2 -NPs arrays has been demonstrated on p-type Silicon Si < 100 > substrate (∼30 ohm-cm) and the surface topography has been detected by Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The TiO 2 -NPs successfully neutralized the Daboia russelii venom (DRV) and Naja kaouthia venom (NKV)-induced lethal activity. Viper venom induced haemorrhagic, coagulant and anticoagulant activities were effectively neutralized both in in-vitro and in vivo studies. The cobra and viper venoms-induced sterile inflammatory molecules (IL-6, HMGB1, HSP70, HSP90, S100B and vWF) were effectively neutralised by the TiO 2 -NPs in experimental animals.

In vitro Neutralisation Potential of Metal-Herbal (Copper-Leucas zeylanica) Nanocomposite (MHNC) against Naja naja and Bungarus caeruleus Venoms

“…The high positive or high negative zeta potential induces a repulsion force between particles, which increase the stability of the particle. The zeta value indicated signi icant particle stability (Chakrabartty et al, 2019;Wadood et al, 2012).…”

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

“…Also, hemorrhagic, coagulant, and anticoagulant effects of viper venom were successfully neutralized, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, these nanoparticles limited the generation of abnormal body fluid and reduced venom-induced inflammation more efficiently than existing anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and indomethacin [ 120 ]. Thus, TiO 2 , along with other nps, can serve as an alternative therapy against snake venom.…”

The Influence of Silver Nanoparticles Against Toxic Effects of Philodryas olfersii Venom

“…4,5 Considering that serum therapy is efficient for systemic but not for local effects and that it must be administered early after envenomation to increase the odds of a successful treatment, which is an unfavourable condition to inhabitants of rural areas from many countries, the nanoparticles come as a promising option against snakebites 6 and have already shown their value with the venoms of Naja nigricollis (Elapidae), 2 Doboia russellie (Viperidae), 7 Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops erythromelas (Viperidae), 8 Bothrops jararacussu (Viperidae), 9 Daboia russelii (Viperidae) and Naja kaouthia (Elapidae). 10,11 The reasons for use of the nanoparticles include the venom toxins bridging as the interface for drug delivery and targeted therapy, 6 as shown with the antigen delivery of encapsulated Naja naja oxiana venom in chitosan nanoparticles targeting tumor cells. 12 Also, the herbal Vitex negundo gold nanoparticle neutralized the acute toxicity, acute stress, and cytokine response of Naja kaouthia venom, 10 and the titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used as an antidote against the lethal activity of Daboia russelii and Naja kaouthia venoms.…”

“…12 Also, the herbal Vitex negundo gold nanoparticle neutralized the acute toxicity, acute stress, and cytokine response of Naja kaouthia venom, 10 and the titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used as an antidote against the lethal activity of Daboia russelii and Naja kaouthia venoms. 11 Likewise, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with B. jararaca and B. erythromelas venoms were tested as immunoadjuvants on antivenom production. 8 Nanoparticles have also been used for more specific objectives.…”

“…Considering that serum therapy is efficient for systemic but not for local effects and that it must be administered early after envenomation to increase the odds of a successful treatment, which is an unfavourable condition to inhabitants of rural areas from many countries, the nanoparticles come as a promising option against snakebites 6 and have already shown their value with the venoms of Naja nigricollis (Elapidae), 2 Doboia russellie (Viperidae), 7 Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops erythromelas (Viperidae), 8 Bothrops jararacussu (Viperidae), 9 Daboia russelii (Viperidae) and Naja kaouthia (Elapidae). 10 , 11 …”