Inhibition of nitric oxide production by Solanum melongena and Solanum macrocarpon on RAW 264.7 cells

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of disease. Overproduction of NO is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers. Several species of Solanaceae have been used traditionally to treat inflammatory-related diseases. To analyse the possible anti-inflammatory properties of these species, the Griess assay was used to evaluate the effects of various Solanum melongena and Solanum macrocarpon extracts on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on the cell line was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Extracts that significantly inhibited NO production were further evaluated for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by Western blot. Thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the major compounds in the extracts. All extracts significantly inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. At 200 μg/ml, ethyl acetate extract of S. macrocarpon showed the highest NO inhibition of 81%, with a median inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 44.78 ± 0.04 μg/ml. The viability of cells treated with the extracts was greater than 80%. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of S. melongena, together with ethanol, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of S. macrocarpon, reduced iNOS expression significantly. At 200 μg/ml, ethyl acetate extract of S. macrocarpon inhibited iNOS protein expression by 79%. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed that fluorescent, double-bond compounds, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids were mainly present in the extracts. Taken together, the results show the potential of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of S. melongena, and hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of S. macrocarpon, as agents for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.

Influence of nitrogen fertilizer micro-dosing on phenolic content, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase properties of aqueous extracts of three tropical leafy vegetables

“…Betalain in amaranth has been found to have anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant properties (Hussain, Anwar, Hussain Sherazi, & Przybylski, ). The hemolytic and anti‐inflammatory properties of SM have also been reported in literature (Ng, Zainal Abidin, Shuib, & Israf Ali, ; Oboh, Ekperigin, & Kazeem, ).…”

Green chicory leaf extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects through suppressing LPS-induced MAPK/NF-κB activation and hepatoprotective activity in vitro

“…macrophages, neutrophils, B cells and so on). RAW 264.7 cell line (murine macrophage) is well established and extensively used for anti-inflammatory studies (Ghosh et al, 2018;Hasnat et al, 2015;Miao et al, 2019;Ng, Zainal Abidin, Shuib, & Israf Ali, 2015). Splenocytes contain B cells, T cells, Monocytes and other immune cells that protect the host from foreign invaders and pivotal inflammatory mediators as well.…”

1H‐NMR metabolomics for evaluating the protective effect of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f) Lindau water extract against nitric oxide production in LPS‐IFN‐γ activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

“…In recent years, a shift towards natural therapy has been observed and there is less interest in synthetic drugs, such as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), due to reported adverse complications . Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.…”

“…3,4 In recent years, a shift towards natural therapy has been observed and there is less interest in synthetic drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), due to reported adverse complications. [5][6][7] Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau (C. nutans), which belongs to the Acanthaceae family and is locally known as Sabah snake grass, has been chosen for this study.…”