¹H‐NMR metabolomics for evaluating the protective effect of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f) Lindau water extract against nitric oxide production in LPS‐IFN‐γ activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract

The present study may serve as a preliminary reference for the selection of optimum extract in further C. nutans in vivo anti-inflammatory study.

The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract on metabolism elucidated through 1H NMR in correlation with cytokines microarray

“…Identification of the phytochemical constituents in the CN aqueous extract (CNE) through 1 H NMR spectral analysis was previously reported by this laboratory [ 15 – 17 , 21 ]. The qualitative and quantitative identification of most of the metabolites present in CNE was comprehensively accomplished by 1 H NMR, and the presence of some selected metabolites was established by HPLC through comparison with standards [ 15 ].…”

“…Identification of the phytochemical constituents in the CN aqueous extract (CNE) through 1 H NMR spectral analysis was previously reported by this laboratory [ 15 – 17 , 21 ]. The qualitative and quantitative identification of most of the metabolites present in CNE was comprehensively accomplished by 1 H NMR, and the presence of some selected metabolites was established by HPLC through comparison with standards [ 15 ]. Putative identification revealed forty-four metabolites including triterpenes, sulfur-containing glycosides, C -glycosyl flavones, and a variety of other compounds including sugars, amino acids, and phenolics [ 15 – 17 , 21 ].…”

“…The pooled CN extracts were concentrated by removal of the solvent using a rotary evaporator at 40°C. The extraction method is the same as the published report on CNE by this laboratory [ 16 , 17 ], which was slightly modified from the procedure of Khoo and colleagues [ 15 , 21 ]. The lyophilized CN crude extract (CNE) (extraction yield; water: 30% w/w of the actual percentage of dry leaf weight) was kept frozen until further use.…”

“…Based on the previous studies, including our observations [ 15 – 17 , 20 ], the use of a robust analytical technique, such as NMR spectroscopy in a metabolomics approach, provides an information-rich environment for fingerprinting the potential bioactive metabolites. The pairing of NMR analysis with multivariate statistical methods is useful in the identification of biomarker(s) in a certain metabolic status [ 14 ].…”

“…Extracts of the leaf material of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae) (CN) are a well-established therapeutic alternative for inflammation [ 14 , 15 ]. Hence, the potential of CN as an anti-inflammatory agent in brain-induced inflammation was explored in this laboratory [ 16 , 17 ].…”