Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo by pokeweed antiviral protein

The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5 acts as a positive regulator of Japanese encephalitis virus replication by binding to viral 3′ UTR

“…Cell lysates or proteins complexes for GST pulldown and Coimmunoprecipitation were separated by 12% or 15% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA) in a Trans-Blot SD semidry transfer cell (Bio-Rad, USA). The membrane was blocked with 5% non-fat milk powder in TBST buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20), then probed with anti-core, NS3 or NS5 polyclonal antibodies, anti-JEV E (Ishag et al, 2012a;Ishag et al, 2012b) or anti-b-actin monoclonal antibodies, anti-HA monoclonal antibody-HRP or anti-MYC monoclonal antibody-HRP (Cell Signaling, USA). For the anti-HA monoclonal antibody-HRP, anti-MYC monoclonal antibody-HRP detection, they were directly visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (GE Healthcare).…”

Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges

“…FGIN-1-27, cilnidipine, niclosamide and bispidine--amino acid conjugates displayed anti-JE activities in vitro, probably by inhibiting RNA replication [135,136]. Pokeweed antiviral protein, a plant-derived N-glycosidase ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from Phytolacca americana, inhibited JEV replication in vitro by the depurination of the viral genome [137]. The intraperitoneal administration of pokeweed antiviral protein to mice before and after the JEV infection provided them with partial protection against JE [137].…”

“…Pokeweed antiviral protein, a plant-derived N-glycosidase ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from Phytolacca americana, inhibited JEV replication in vitro by the depurination of the viral genome [137]. The intraperitoneal administration of pokeweed antiviral protein to mice before and after the JEV infection provided them with partial protection against JE [137]. SCH16, an N-methyl isatin b--thiosemicarbazone derivative, inhibited JEV replication in vitro at the level of early viral protein translation [138].…”

Chikungunya virus vaccines: Current strategies and prospects for developing plant-made vaccines

“…The re-emergence of CHIKV has led to the assessment of several potential treatments including ribavirin [16,17], chloroquine [18,19], and CHIKV antibodies [20][21][22][23]. In addition the peptides Latarcin (LATA) and Thanatin (THAN) as well as the protein PAP1, all of which having antiviral activity [24,25], have shown a promising potential to protect against CHIKV [26]. Among the explored strategies, vaccination is considered the ideal intervention to prevent the CHIKV infection; however no licensed vaccines for human use are available yet.…”