Inheritance, contact, convergence

Abstract

This article provides a comparative analysis of the suppletive allomorphy of two personal pronouns in the five African English-lexifier Creoles (AECs) Krio (Sierra Leone), Pichi (Equatorial Guinea), Ghanaian Pidgin English, Nigerian Pidgin, and Cameroon Pidgin. The alternation of the 3sg object forms =àm (a clitic) and ín (a non-clitic) is conditioned by a tonal obligatory contour principle (ocp), a vowel height ocp, animacy, and focus in different constellations across the five AECs. In addition, an epenthetic /r/ is recruited in four of the AECs to ensure that the ocp is not breached. The analyses suggest that pronominal suppletion in the AECs has been fashioned by processes of change and differentiation typical of geographically extensive language families, such as migration from linguistic homelands, acquisition by non-founder populations, interlectal cross-diffusion, as well as contact and convergence with adstrate, substrate, and superstrate languages.

Two types of language contact involving English Creoles

“…The differences between Krio and Pichi summarized in Table 4 are quite substantial, and I am quite certain that there are similar divergences in other sub-systems of the two languages (see Yakpo, 2013b for some phonological and lexical differences; also Yakpo, 2019b). In section 5, I attempt to explain the differentiation that Krio and Pichi have undergone.…”