Inhaled Antibiotics in the Treatment of Nosocomial Pneumonia

Abstract

Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) -is a disease associat ed with a formation of new focal and infiltrative changes on the chest X ray 48 hrs after the hospitalization along with the clinical data confirming their infectious nature (fever, purulent sputum or purulent discharge from the tracheo bronchial tree, leukocytosis, etc.), excluding infections which were incubated on the admission [1].Nosocomial pneumonia -is the most prevalent intensive care unit infection. The high prevalence of NP is due to the widespread and irrational use of antibiotics and artificial pulmonary ventilation. The Russian National data confirm that NP incidence in surgical patients is 6% after elective surgery and 15% after emergency surgery. The inci dence of ventilator associated pneumonia is 22% after elec tive surgery in ventilation longer than 2 days and 34,5% after emergency abdominal surgery; up to 55% in acute res piratory distress syndrome. Every day in intensive care unit stay increases the risk of NP by 3%. Nosocomial pneu monia significantly deteriorates the course of any disease, increase the duration of intensive care unit stay by 4,3-6,1 days and mortality. The attributable mortality of NP is between 5,8 to 27% [2][3][4][5].The pathogenesis of NP in critically ill patients is based on an imbalance between the lung protective mecha nisms and microbial aggression. The lung can be infected either exogenously or endogenously. Aspiration of pharyn

Risk for Pneumonia and Tlr2 and Tlr4 Gene Polymorphisms: A Meta-Analysis

“…*Available data from articles are shown in brackets. 1 Genotype data ate calculated from haplotype data. Примечание: HWE -равновесие Харди Вайнберга; 0 -мажорный аллель (G для rs5743708, A для 4986790, C для 4986791), 1 -минорный аллель (A для rs5743708, G для 4986790, T для 4986791).…”

“…* -в скобках указаны данные, доступ-ные из статей. 1 Частоты рассчитаны, исходя из данных гаплотипирования. w w w .…”

“…Pneumonia is an infectious disease that ranks in the top-10 leading causes of death, with estimated mortality rates varying between 5 and 20% [1,2]. Despite the increasing development of diagnostic techniques and the use of highly effective antibacterial drugs, pneumonia fatality rate remains high [3,4].…”

Perspectives of the Inhaled Antibiotics Usage in Pediatrics

“…The usage of the antibacterial drugs in pediatrics remains an actual and a complicated problem. The irrational usage of antibiotics leads to the increased resistance of pathogens and ineffectiveness of the already known drugs 1,2 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), less than 50% of patients receive adequate and rational antibacterial therapy 1,3,4 .…”

“…The irrational usage of antibiotics leads to the increased resistance of pathogens and ineffectiveness of the already known drugs 1,2 . According to the World Health Organization (WHO), less than 50% of patients receive adequate and rational antibacterial therapy 1,3,4 . An extremely important issue is the development of antibiotic resistance in diseases of the respiratory system 1,3 .…”