Inhalation, persistence and dispersal of foot-and-mouth disease virus by man

Sellers, R. F.; Donaldson, A.I.; Herniman, K.A.J.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400042492

Cited by 54 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Table 3 provides a summary of both key findings and suggested future research. Other potential sources of infectious FMDV aerosols were not ruled out by this study, nor by an earlier study [67] that reported more virus recovered from the noses of animal handlers examining the head relative to other handlers examining other body regions. 2 Measurements reported here were taken near human habitats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Dillon

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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This review examines whether exfoliated, virus-infected animal skin cells could be an important source of infectious foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) aerosols. Infectious material rafting on skin cell aerosols is an established means of transmitting other diseases. The evidence for a similar mechanism for FMDV is: (i) FMDV is trophic for animal skin and FMDV epidermis titres are high, even in macroscopically normal skin; (ii) estimates for FMDV skin cell aerosol emissions appear consistent with measured aerosol emission rates and are orders of magnitude larger than the minimum infectious dose; (iii) the timing of infectious FMDV aerosol emissions is consistent with the timing of high FMDV skin concentrations; (iv) measured FMDV aerosol sizes are consistent with skin cell aerosols; and (v) FMDV stability in natural aerosols is consistent with that expected for skin cell aerosols. While these findings support the hypothesis, this review is insufficient, in and of itself, to prove the hypothesis and specific follow-on experiments are proposed. If this hypothesis is validated, (i) new FMDV detection, management and decontamination approaches could be developed and (ii) the relevance of skin cells to the spread of viral disease may need to be reassessed as skin cells may protect viruses against otherwise adverse environmental conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Dillon

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Sellers et al (35) demonstrated that workers who had been handling pigs at the height of infection and who had a dose of loglo2.7 IDso of virus in their noses were able to transmit the virus to a colleague, in whose nose a dose of loglo1.3 IDso was found. They were also able to transmit virus to a susceptible steer after following standard disinfection procedures.…”

Section: Transmission By Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease: Implications for New Zealand

Sanson

1994

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute, highly communicable disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, both domesticated and wild. It may well be the most contagious disease known in the animal kingdom. The key features that contribute to this include its ability to gain entry and initiate infection through a variety of sites, the small infective dose, the short incubation period, the release of virus before the onset of clinical signs, the massive quantities of virus excreted from infected animals, its ability to spread large distances due to airborne dispersal, and the persistence of the virus in the environment. These features, plus the ability of the virus to be disseminated through the movements of animals, animal products, people, and plant and equipment makes the disease very difficult to control. New Zealand has never experienced a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic, and the economic consequences of an outbreak would be disastrous, due to the eradication costs, the loss of productivity and the impact on the export of animals and animal products. The smuggling of meat products, embryos or semen into the country are perceived as the most likely ways in which the disease could be introduced. The New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries therefore operates a two-tier system of defense against foot-and-mouth disease. The first tier involves border protection through stringent import controls to prevent the entry of infectious material. If this barrier is breached, an emergency response programme is activated, involving a stamping-out eradication strategy. This paper attempts to draw on overseas historical outbreak experiences and research findings to gain insights into the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease as it would relate to New Zealand.

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“…Smith & Hugh-Jones (1969) examined the epidemic in detail and reported on the weather elements involved. In the light of recent findings on the factors involved in airborne spread of footand-mouth disease (Sellers & Parker, 1969;Donaldson, Herniman, Parker & Sellers, 1970; Sellers, Donaldson & Herniman, 1970; Sellers, 1971; Sellers, Herniman & Donaldson, 1971; Barlow, 1972;Donaldson, 1972;Sellers & Herniman, 1972), we decided to re-examine the course of the epidemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1967

Sellers

Forman

1973

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYAn analysis was made of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the epidemic in Hampshire in January and February 1967. To explain the pattern of spread, it had to be postulated that virus was present seven days before the first outbreak was reported. It is suggested that the disease occurred initially in pigs fed on infected meat and that the virus was subsequently disseminated from the local abattoir, where the pigs were killed, to four farms by movement of animals, slaughterhouse waste, people or vehicles, and to fifteen by the airborne route. Subsequent spread from these farms was by movement in two instances and by the airborne route in five. The source and route of infection of the last farm in the outbreak were not determined.The risk of spread through movement was associated more with carriage of infected slaughterhouse waste, movement of animals, people or vehicles carrying animals than through collection of milk, artificial insemination or movement of other types of vehicles. Outbreaks of disease among pigs gave rise to more secondary spread than outbreaks in cattle. Secondary outbreaks attributed to airborne spread occurred only in ruminants. Most airborne spread was into areas of high livestock density and cattle in the larger herds became infected. Airborne spread could be correlated with wind direction and speed but not with rain. The reduction in the number of outbreaks at the end of the epidemic could be attributed to the elimination of the largest sources of virus, the control of movements and the fact that in all instances except two the wind was blowing virus over towns and out to sea, to areas of low stock density and to areas where animals had been killed.

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Inhalation, persistence and dispersal of foot-and-mouth disease virus by man

Cited by 54 publications

References 10 publications

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease: Implications for New Zealand

The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1967

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