Ingestive homeostasis: The primacy of learning.

Ramsay, Douglas S.; Seeley, Randy J.; Bolles, Robert C.; Woods, Stephen C.

doi:10.1037/10291-001

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The preferred strategy to control daily (or weekly) food intake is consequently via changes in the amount of food eaten in individual meals, once a meal begins ; i.e., any regulatory (homeostatic or allostatic) effector mechanism involving food intake is most adaptively manifest as changes in meal size. This is a highly efficient mode of control that takes advantage of a fluctuating environment and yet functions to maintain adiposity, albeit with a longer time constant than occurs for many other homeostatically regulated parameters (Ramsay et al, 1996; Seeley, Ramsay, & Woods, 1997; Strubbe & van Dijk, 2002; Strubbe & Woods, 2004; Woods, Decke, & Vasselli, 1974; Woods & Strubbe, 1994). …”

Section: Physiological Regulation Vs Physiological Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.

Ramsay¹,

Woods²

2014

Psychological Review

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231

223

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Homeostasis, the dominant explanatory framework for physiological regulation, has undergone significant revision in recent years, with contemporary models differing significantly from the original formulation. Allostasis, an alternative view of physiological regulation, goes beyond its homeostatic roots, offering novel insights relevant to our understanding and treatment of several chronic health conditions. Despite growing enthusiasm for allostasis, the concept remains diffuse, due in part to ambiguity as to how the term is understood and used, impeding meaningful translational and clinical research on allostasis. Here we provide a more focused understanding of homeostasis and allostasis by explaining how both play a role in physiological regulation, and a critical analysis of regulation suggests how homeostasis and allostasis can be distinguished. Rather than focusing on changes in the value of a regulated variable (e.g., body temperature, body adiposity, or reward), research investigating the activity and relationship among the multiple regulatory loops that influence the value of these regulated variables may be the key to distinguishing homeostasis and allostasis. The mechanisms underlying physiological regulation and dysregulation are likely to have important implications for health and disease.

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Section: Physiological Regulation Vs Physiological Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We (Ramsay, Seeley, Bolles, & Woods, 1996; Ramsay & Woods, 1997; Strubbe & Woods, 2004; Woods, 1991; Woods & Ramsay, 2000; Woods & Strubbe, 1994), and many others (Dworkin, 1993; Schulkin, 2011; Siegel, 2008; Siegel & Allan, 1998; Somjen, 1992), have argued that learned anticipatory processes play a major role in regulatory physiology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.

Ramsay¹,

Woods²

2014

Psychological Review

Self Cite

231

223

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“…In this light, eliciting a neurally induced slight decrease of glucose can be viewed as an appropriate preparation to circumvent an otherwise excessive increase of glucose. We (Ramsay et al 1996;Strubbe & Woods 2004;Woods 1991;Woods & Ramsay 2000;Woods & Strubbe 1994), as well as other contemporary writers (Dworkin 1993;Schulkin 2003), believe that this better captures the essence of the concept of regulation originally espoused by Bernard.…”

Section: Negative Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this light, although meals are obviously necessary for the defense of body weight in the long run, it has been argued (e.g., (Bolles 1980)) that feeding per se is not regulated because it is not being driven by deficits. In contrast, body adiposity can be considered to be regulated because perturbations in body fat elicit corrective effector responses to restore adiposity (Ramsay et al 1996;Seeley et al 1997;Strubbe & van Dijk 2002;Strubbe & Woods 2004;Woods et al 1974;Woods & Strubbe 1994). …”

Section: Regulation Vs Control: Body Adiposity Vs Food Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Homeostasis: Beyond Curt Richter

Woods

Ramsay

2007

Appetite

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Curt Richter introduced behavioral control into the concept of homeostasis, thereby opening entire fields of research. The prevailing dogma, and the techniques he used, conspired to lead Richter and others to interpret regulation in strict negative feedback terms. Although this point of view continues to be embraced by many contemporary biologists, we believe that prevailing sentiment favors a broader view in which organisms integrate anticipatory pre-emptive control over regulated variables whenever possible.

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“…In at least some instances, such feed-forward effects are the product of past experience and learning (e.g. Ramsay et al, 1996).…”

Section: Behavioural Sequencing: Appetitive and Consummatory Behavioumentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation and the organization of behaviour.

Mason

Bateson²

2017

The Ethology of Domestic Animals: An Introductory Text

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Motivational states include thirst, hunger, fear and the urges to migrate, mate, nest-build and dust bathe. These motivations are internal states which vary in magnitude from one moment to the next, and that help determine which stimuli animals will react to and which they will not; which goals they seek out and which they do not; and the effort or intensity with which they will perform a given behaviour. Motivations are examples of causal explanations for behaviour (see Chapter 1), meaning that they are a proximate, mechanistic explanation for why an animal is currently performing a particular behaviour pattern.Not all changes in behaviour are due to changes in motivation. We do not invoke motivation to explain behaviours that are always elicited in the same way by the same stimuli (e.g. reflexes like blinking, or rapid limb withdrawal from painful stimuli); changes in the cues that animals respond to as a result of learning (see Chapter 5); nor many of the behavioural changes that result from developmental processes (e.g. maturation) or illness/injury (e.g. ceasing to eat because of a gum abscess). Instead, the properties of animal behaviour that motivation helps explain can be summarized as follows. First, changes in motivational state help explain the decisions made by individual animals when faced with choices about what activity to do next. Thus, if you watch an animal for any period you will notice that it engages in different behaviour patterns, apparently spontaneously switching between these at intervals.For example, in the middle of the day, domestic chickens switch from foraging to dust bathing; while a domestic cat during the course of its day will switch from feeding to drinking, from hunting to resting, and so on. Changes in motivational state help explain why sometimes external stimuli act as powerful triggers for behaviour, but at other times are effectively ignored. For instance, if a hen is deprived of a suitable substrate in which to dust bathe, she will dust bathe vigorously when she is finally allowed access to, say, wood shavings or peat. However, once she has finished doing this, for a while afterwards that very same substrate will lose its ability to stimulate her to perform any further dust bathing. Finally, when watching our deprived hen indulge in dust bathing, we might well notice an increase in this activity's duration and intensity. Thus, along with the increased probability of occurrence of a specific behaviour pattern, we typically see other changes as well, such as increased rates of performance and, if obstacles are placed in an animal's way, increased efforts made to perform the behaviour. Motivational states as intervening variablesFrom the section above, and perhaps from our own personal experiences, we can see that strong motivations alter behaviour in many different ways. For example, if we look at drinking behaviour we notice that, as the motivational state of thirst increases, the probability that drinking will occur also increases; but also the range of liquids found ac...

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Ingestive homeostasis: The primacy of learning.

Cited by 19 publications

References 42 publications

Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.

Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.

Homeostasis: Beyond Curt Richter

Motivation and the organization of behaviour.

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