Homeostasis: Beyond Curt Richter

Woods, Stephen C.; Ramsay, Douglas S.

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.09.015

Cited by 94 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…Walter Cannon subsequently called this process of physiological regulation homeostasis (Cannon 1929). The involvement of behavioural anticipations and behavioural reactions in maintaining the internal environment was first recognised by Pavlov (1904;Smith 2008) and Richter (Woods and Ramsay 2007). With the progressive development of engineering systems during World Wars I and II to improve the targeting of weapons by use of negative feedback to correct errors, it was proposed that animals also use negative feedback to control physiological responses (Rosenblueth et al 1943).…”

Section: Regulation Of Responses To Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concept of allostasis was introduced in 1988 in part to account for such lifestyle diseases and dysfunctional physiological states that develop under a sustained burden of stressors (Sterling and Eyer 1988;Sterling 2004). Although the validity of the claimed differences between allostasis and homeostasis has been energetically debated (McEwen 1998;McEwen and Wingfield 2003;Woods and Ramsay 2007;Booth 2008;Cooper 2008;Romero et al 2009;Koolhaas et al 2011;Sterling 2012;Ramsay and Woods 2014), the discussion has drawn attention to important aspects of physiological regulation and to changes that occur during adaptation (acclimatisation) of the individual to environmental conditions and during chronic stress. The reader is referred to the above references for a history and comparative analysis of the concepts of homeostasis and allostasis.…”

Section: Effects From Underload and Overload By Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

2016

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Abstract.A capacity for the animal to recover quickly from the impact of physical and social stressors and disease challenges is likely to improve evolutionary fitness of wild species and welfare and performance of farm animals. Salience and valence of stimuli sensed through neurosensors, chemosensors and immunosensors are perceived and integrated centrally to generate emotions and engage physiological, behavioural, immune, cognitive and morphological responses that defend against noxious challenges. These responses can be refined through experience to provide anticipatory and learned reactions at lower cost than innate less-specific reactions. Influences of behaviour type, coping style, and affective state and the relationships between immune responsiveness, disease resistance and resilience are reviewed. We define resilience as the capacity of animals to cope with short-term perturbations in their environment and return rapidly to their pre-challenge status. It is manifested in response to episodic, sporadic or situation-specific attributes of the environment and can be optimised via facultative learning by the individual. It is a comparative measure of differences between individuals in the outcomes that follow exposure to potentially adverse situations. In contrast, robustness is the capacity to maintain productivity in a wide range of environments without compromising reproduction, health and wellbeing. Robustness is manifested in response to persistent or cyclical attributes of the environment and is effected via activity of innate regulatory pathways. We suggest that for farm animals, husbandry practices that incorporate physical and social stressors and interactions with humans such as weaning, change of housing, and introduction to the milking parlour can be used to characterise resilience phenotypes. In these settings, resilience is likely to be more readily identified through the rate of return of variables to pre-challenge or normal status rather than through measuring the activity of diverse stress response and adaptation mechanisms. Our strategy for phenotyping resilience of sheep and cattle during weaning is described. Opportunities are examined to increase resilience through genetic selection and through improved management practices that provide emotional and cognitive enrichment and stress inoculation.Additional keywords: affective state, allostasis, animal behaviour, animal temperament, animal welfare, disease resistance, genetic selection, homeostasis, resilience, robustness, stress inoculation.

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Section: Regulation Of Responses To Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects From Underload and Overload By Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

2016

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“…Somjen (1992) concluded, "Truly, the body appears to be wiser than even Walter Cannon had thought" (p. 184). Although some psychologists have realized that this additional "wisdom" is provided by basic learning processes (e.g., Dworkin, 1993;Matthews et al, 2007;Poulos & Cappell, 1991;Siegel & Allan, 1998;Woods & Ramsay, 2007), the contribution of Pavlovian conditioning to homeostatic regulation is not widely acknowledged.…”

Section: Interoceptive Cues and Adaptation To Nonpharmacological Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning and the wisdom of the body

Siegel

2008

Learning & Behavior

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“…Enthusiasm for this possibility is tempered, however, by the controversial status of Webb's proposal (Cabanac 1997). In any event, it should also be stressed that biological regulatory systems often maintain homeostatic stability in the face of actual and potential disturbances without the action of negative-feedback "error signals" (Houk 1988;Somjen 1992;Ramsay and Woods 1997;Woods and Ramsay 2006). Finally, it could be that a non-specific activation of thermogenesis reflecting some stressful consequence of N 2 O inhalation might be responsible for triggering the increase in HP observed with 30 or 50% N 2 O as well as in some animals at 60 or 75% N 2 O.…”

Section: Increased Heat Dissipation: a Primary N 2 O Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%