Ingesting Self-Grown Produce and Seropositivity for Hepatitis E in the United States

Diehl, Thomas M.; Adams, Daniel J.; Nylund, Cade M.

doi:10.1155/2018/7980413

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In the general population, it was found that females had a higher prevalence than males (OR 1.2 (1.06–1.38)) [ 50 ], and those young females (6–39 years) were found to have higher HEV seropositivity compared to males (OR 1.44 (1.03–2.02)) [ 71 ]. In contrast, one study found that males had a higher anti-HEV IgG prevalence rate than females [ 72 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in the Americas: Estimates from a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is responsible for inflammatory liver disease and can cause severe health problems. Because the seroprevalence of HEV varies within different population groups and between regions of the continent, we conducted a systematic review on the topic in order to provide evidence for targeted prevention strategies. Methods We performed a systematic review in PubMed, SCIELO, LILACS, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library and included reports up to 25 May 2021 (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020173934). We assessed the risk of bias, publication bias, and heterogeneity between studies and conducted a random-effect meta-analysis for proportions using a (binomial-normal) generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) fitted by Maximum Likelihood (ML). We also reported other characteristics like genotype and risk factors. Results Of 1212 identified records, 142 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis and 132 in the quantitative analysis. Our random-effects GLMM pooled overall estimate for past infection (IgG) was 7.7% (95% CI 6.4%–9.2%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 97%). We found higher seroprevalence in certain population groups, for example in people with pig related exposure for IgG (ranges from 6.2%–28% and pooled estimate of 13.8%, 95% CI: 7.6%–23.6%), or with diagnosed or suspected acute viral hepatitis for IgM (ranges from 0.3%–23.9% and pooled estimate of 5.5%, 95% CI: 2.0%–14.1%). Increasing age, contact with pigs and meat products, and low socioeconomic conditions are the main risk factors for HEV infection. Genotype 1 and 3 were documented across the region. Conclusion HEV seroprevalence estimates demonstrated high variability within the Americas. There are population groups with higher seroprevalence and reported risk factors for HEV infection that need to be prioritized for further research. Due to human transmission and zoonotic infections in the region, preventive strategies should include water sanitation, occupational health, and food safety.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in the Americas: Estimates from a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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“…Blood of HEV RNA-positive pigs potentially can contaminate slaughterhouses' supply chains, making it a key source of infection control[ 24 ]. A recent study suggested consuming self-grown food as another possible source for zoonotic HEV infection[ 25 ].…”

Section: Hev Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals

Damiris¹,

Meybodi²,

Niazi³

et al. 2022

WJH

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) originally identified as a cause of acute icteric hepatitis in developing countries has grown to be a cause of zoonotic viral hepatitis in developed countries such as the United States. While there are eight identified genotypes to date, genotype 1 (HEV1), HEV2, HEV3, HEV4 are the most common to infect humans. HEV1 and HEV2 are most common in developing countries including Latina America, Africa and Asia, and are commonly transmitted through contaminated water supplies leading to regional outbreaks. In contrast HEV3 and HEV4 circulate freely in many mammalian animals and can lead to occasional transmission to humans through fecal contamination or consumption of undercooked meat. The incidence and prevalence of HEV in the United States is undetermined given the absence of FDA approved serological assays and the lack of commercially available testing. In majority of cases, HEV infection is a self-limiting hepatitis requiring only symptomatic treatment. However, this is not the case in immunocompromised individuals, including those that have undergone solid organ or stem cell transplantation. In this subset of patients, chronic infection can be life threatening as hepatic insult can lead to inflammation and fibrosis with subsequent cirrhosis and death. The need for re-transplantation as a result of post-transplant hepatitis is of great concern. In addition, there have been many reported incidents of extrahepatic manifestations, for which the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The cornerstone of treatment in immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients is reduction of immunosuppressive therapies, while attempting to minimize the risk of organ rejection. Subsequent treatment options include ribavirin, and pegylated interferon alpha in those who have demonstrated ribavirin resistance. Further investigation assessing safety and efficacy of anti-viral therapy is imperative given the rising global health burden. Given this concern, vaccination has been approved in China with other investigations underway throughout the world. In this review we introduce the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of HEV, with emphasis on immunocompromised individuals in the United States.

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“…Furthermore, ingesting self-grown food has been hypothesized to be another risk factor for seropositivity in the United States [ 20 ]. Dietary intake may play a role in the causal pathway to HEV infection in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in adults and children from upstate New York: A cross-sectional study

Kmush

Spillane

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis around the world, especially in developing countries. Recently, HEV has also been recognized as important cause of hepatitis in Europe and Japan, however, there is a paucity of clinical data from the United States. The overall seroprevalence of HEV antibodies is around 10% in the United States, but considerable variation is seen based on geographic location, year, and assay used. In this study, 63 adults and 417 children from New York State were tested for anti-HEV IgG antibodies using the commercially available Wantai IgG assay. The overall seroprevalence of HEV antibodies among adult participants was 9.52% (95% CI: 3.58–19.59%). Positive adults tended to be older than HEV negative adults, all positive adults were female. Only 3 (0.7%, 95% CI:: 0.15–2.09%) of the children were positive, all positive children were male. These results are consistent with global and United States trends in HEV seroprevalence.

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Ingesting Self-Grown Produce and Seropositivity for Hepatitis E in the United States

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in the Americas: Estimates from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in the Americas: Estimates from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in adults and children from upstate New York: A cross-sectional study

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