Infundibula of equine maxillary cheek teeth

Suske, A.; Pöschke, A.; Müller, Peter; Wöber, S.; Staszyk, Carsten

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.023

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These enamel invaginations were also described by Suske et al and Kilic et al [ 11 , 12 ] and become less deep and complex in apical direction. This morphological observation is consistent with our morphometric findings of a decreasing amount of enamel from occlusal to apical.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Uneven distribution of enamel, dentine and cementum in cheek teeth of domestic horses (Equus caballus): A micro computed tomography study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundHypsodont equine cheek teeth possess large dental crowns, resting partly in the bony alveolus. Over a horse’s life cheek teeth erupt continuously to compensate for occlusal wear of 3–4 mm per year. Parts of the crown initially resting in the bony alveolus become progressively exposed at the occlusal surface with time. Hitherto, it is unclear whether the typical structure of the equine occlusal surface, composed of a complex arrangement of enamel, dentin and cementum, remains constant or undergoes structural changes with age. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the occlusal surface composition does not remain constant by a quantitative analysis of the dental substances at multiple levels along the dental crown of equine cheek teeth.MethodsMicro-computed tomography scans of 20 upper cheek teeth and 16 lower cheek teeth from 19 domestic horses were morphologically analysed using imaging and measurement software. Area for individual dental substances was measured at different levels from the apex to the occlusal surface. The data was statistically analysed to detect changes in the area of individual substance along the dental crown. The area of peripheral cementum was measured separately for levels inside and outside the bony alveolus.ResultsIn both, upper and lower cheek teeth, enamel area decreased in an apical direction, while dentine area increased. Peripheral Cementum increased dramatically in the occlusal/coronal extra-alveolar position.ConclusionWith increasing age the occlusal surface content of dentine increases while the content of enamel decreases. These changes are considered relevant for the detailed explanation of forage disruption in horses as well as for the recommendation of concepts in equine dentistry.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Uneven distribution of enamel, dentine and cementum in cheek teeth of domestic horses (Equus caballus): A micro computed tomography study

et al. 2017

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“…Infundibular caries can cause midline sagittal fractures of affected teeth ( 25 , 26 ), and extension of infundibular caries can also cause maxillary cheek teeth pulpar/apical infection ( 21 , 24 ) as was found in one tooth in this study. In this study, histological evidence of infundibular caries was present in 37.5% of all maxillary cheek teeth, with a poor correlation between pathological and CT findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…With severe (grade 3) infundibular caries with subsequent erosion of cementum, enamel and dentine, and pulpar invasion, or with infundibular caries-related sagittal fractures and subsequent apical infection ( 21 – 24 ), the presence of gas-attenuating areas within the infected pulp or periapical areas could additionally be attributed to the movement of gas (including air) from within the affected infundibulae to the pulp. With idiopathic fractures of the clinical crown and secondary apical infection ( 25 , 26 ), air from oral cavity could also contribute to gas attenuation of infected pulpar/periapical tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anatomical ( 28 ) and imaging ( 15 ) studies of cheek teeth infundibulae in clinically normal horses showed that 88–90% of infundibulae are incompletely filled with morphologically normal cementum, with these defects preferentially affecting the Triadan 09 position in older horses. Suske et al ( 24 ) found infundibular cemental hypoplasia in 51% of normal cheek teeth and in 72% of cheek teeth affected by periapical and endodontic infections, fractures, or periodontal disease. In fact, infundibular cemental hypoplasia and secondary infundibular cemental caries are so common that interpretation of infundibular images is problematic ( 9 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, Gross and Histological, Dental, and Alveolar Findings in 30 Abnormal Cheek Teeth from Equine Cadavers

2018

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Background Equine cheek teeth disorders, especially pulpar/apical infections, can have very serious consequences due to the frequent extension of infection to the supporting bones and/or adjacent paranasal sinuses. Limited studies have assessed the accuracy of computed tomographic (CT) imaging in the diagnosis of these disorders, and no study has directly compared imaging and pathological findings of the alveoli of diseased equine cheek teeth. Objective To validate the accuracy of CT and radiographic imaging of cheek teeth disorders by comparing CT and radiographic imaging, gross and histological findings in abnormal cheek teeth and their alveoli extracted from equine cadaver heads. Study design Ex vivo original study. Methods Fifty-four cadaver heads from horses with unknown histories that had died or been euthanized on humane grounds obtained from a rendering plant had radiography, CT imaging, and gross pathological examinations performed. Based on imaging and gross examination findings, 30 abnormal cheek teeth (26 maxillary and 4 mandibular) identified in 26 heads were extracted along with their dental alveoli where possible, and further CT imaging, gross, and histological examinations were performed. Eight maxillary cheek teeth (including four with attached alveolar bone) from these heads, that were normal on gross and CT examinations, were used as controls. Results Gross pathological and histological examinations indicated that 28/30 teeth, including two supernumerary teeth, had pulpar/apical infection, including pulpar and apical changes. A further supernumerary and a dysplastic tooth were also identified. Abnormal calcified tissue architecture was present in all three supernumerary and in the dysplastic tooth. CT imaging strongly indicated the presence of pulpar/apical infection in 27 of the 28 (96.4%) pulpar/apically infected teeth, including the presence of intrapulpar gas ( N = 19/28), apical clubbing ( N = 20), periapical halo ( N = 4), root lysis or fragmentation ( N = 7), and periapical gas ( N = 2). Also present were alveolar bone sclerosis ( N = 20), alveolar bone thickening ( N = 3), and lytic/erosive changes ( N = 8). Radiographic abnormalities strongly indicative of pulpar/apical infection including periapical sclerosis ( N = 8/28) and apical clubbing ( N = 14/28) were found in 14/28 (50%) of apically infected teeth. Histological changes were present in alveolar bone of all 21 cases of apical infection where alveolus remained attached to the tooth and was marked in 16 cases, all which had CT alveolar changes. Histological changes included disruption of the normal trabecular pattern, in...

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“…Anatomical (1, 2) and computed tomographic (CT) studies (3–6) have shown that up to 90% of equine cheek teeth infundibulae, in particular the rostral (mesial) infundibulae of the Triadan 09 position, are incompletely filled with normal cementum, that preferably should completely fill the infundibulum. These infundibular defects, initially developmental in origin, include the very common presence of a fine central cemental defect (variously termed “central vascular channel,” “vascular channel,” or “central linear defect”) or larger areas of discolored hypoplastic cementum or even a total absence of cementum, as described (1, 2, 7) and also reported in the companion article (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

A Computed Tomographic and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 2: MicroCT, Gross, and Histological Findings

2019

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Background: Equine maxillary cheek teeth infundibulae are frequently affected by developmental and acquired disorders, but the imaging, gross, and histological features of normal and abnormal infundibulae remain incompletely understood. Objective: To perform MicroCT, gross examination, and histology on sectioned teeth and compare the imaging and anatomical findings. Study design: Ex vivo original study. Methods: Eight maxillary cheek teeth of different ages and with varying grades of unilateral ( n = 5) or bilateral ( n = 3) occlusal infundibular caries were extracted from equine heads obtained from an abattoir. The teeth were imaged by MicroCT, then transversely sectioned and grossly and histologically examined, with the imaging and gross and histological anatomical findings examined and compared. Results: Fifteen infundibulae, including two without occlusal caries had subocclusal cemental hypoplasia or caries. One infundibulum without occlusal caries had no subocclusal cemental defects. Histologically, hypoplastic cemental areas consisted of irregularly-shaped, wide central channels, with multiple, large, cylindrical side-branches that extended peripherally to a variable extent. Cementum with extensive, wide, empty channels, and cementum with a more irregular moth-eaten appearance had dark or eroded gross appearance and a low HU on CT. Some infundibulae had cement-free areas that only contained fragments of collagen-like material, especially at their apical aspects (apical cemental hypoplasia). Carious subocclusal areas had connections with the occlusal surface and had disrupted cemental architecture, including of their central vascular channel that, along with their side branches, contained degraded food, and cemental debris. Main Limitations: No clinical histories or accurate ages were available for these eight teeth. Conclusions: Hypoplastic cemental lesions, including at central linear and apical sites, histologically contain areas with multiple wide-branched, cylindrical channels or even areas of total cement hypoplasia visible on gross sections When such cemental defects contact the occlusal surface due to normal wear, food impaction, and caries can ensue.

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Infundibula of equine maxillary cheek teeth

Cited by 23 publications

References 20 publications

Uneven distribution of enamel, dentine and cementum in cheek teeth of domestic horses (Equus caballus): A micro computed tomography study

Uneven distribution of enamel, dentine and cementum in cheek teeth of domestic horses (Equus caballus): A micro computed tomography study

A Comparison of Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, Gross and Histological, Dental, and Alveolar Findings in 30 Abnormal Cheek Teeth from Equine Cadavers

A Computed Tomographic and Pathological Study of Equine Cheek Teeth Infundibulae Extracted From Asymptomatic Horses. Part 2: MicroCT, Gross, and Histological Findings

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