Uneven distribution of enamel, dentine and cementum in cheek teeth of domestic horses (Equus caballus): A micro computed tomography study

Englisch, Lauritz Martin; Kostrzewa, Kathrin; Kopke, Susan; Failing, Klaus; Staszyk, Carsten

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183220

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It is always located near the EDJ border. This is a small row (5-7 % of the total width of the enamel), mostly chaotically stacked prisms of PE, which may appear sporadically, not in a continuous series and are separated, as a rule, by rather thin rows of IPM (Dixon 2002, Englisch et al 2017). This type is differently represented in the forms studied except Equus hydruntinus, where this type of enamel is almost absent.…”

Section: Comparison and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ultrastructure of the tooth enamel of small Equus of the “tarpan” group and their possible phylogenetic connections

Demeshkant¹,

Rekovets²

2021

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The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the ultrastructure of tooth enamel (incisors, premolars and molars) in representatives of morphologically (and possibly phylogenetically) similar forms of small horses. These are both extinct forms of tarpan – Equus gmelini from various sites of the early Holocene of Ukraine (Myrne, Kamiana Mohyla and Hirzhevo) and modern forms – konik polski and E. przewalskii, and European wild ass – E. hydruntinus. Morphology of prisms in different layers of tooth enamel and its relative relationships in various taxa were thoroughly described. The data obtained in the form of tables and graphs, with the appropriate statistical processing thereof, show the morphological similarity of tarpan remains from different sites, and their similarity to the konik polski and Przewalski’s horse. However, the European wild ass differs significantly from the other groups studied. In equines, the radial enamel varieties (types І, ІІ and ІІІ) have evolutionary tendencies to strengthen the first and second types of hydroxyapatite prisms, while reducing the share of the IPM matrix in the enamel structure. In turn, the enamel of the incisors is characterized by lamellar enamel of the HSB uniserial type.

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Section: Comparison and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ultrastructure of the tooth enamel of small Equus of the “tarpan” group and their possible phylogenetic connections

Demeshkant¹,

Rekovets²

2021

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“…We note that one obstacle to the study of enamel hypoplasia in the cheek teeth of equids and other hypsodont ungulates is the presence of cementum covering the tooth crown 36 , 37 . In living horses, the cementum is thicker at the occlusal/coronal area (i.e., the extra-alveolar area) of the tooth, particularly on the buccal side of the lower cheek teeth and the lingual side of the upper cheek teeth 38 , 39 . Cementum in the occlusal/coronal area of the tooth is primarily comprised of tertiary cementum and is attached to the gingival mucosa 38 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cementum in the occlusal/coronal area of the tooth is primarily comprised of tertiary cementum and is attached to the gingival mucosa 38 . Cementum significantly decreases in thickness below the occlusal/coronal area (i.e., at the intra-alveolar area of the tooth) in a cervical direction where, depending on the ontogenetic development of the tooth, it might be absent 38 , 39 . Aged horses with teeth in extreme stages of wear often show abnormally large increases in tertiary cementum 38 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai

Taylor

Barrón-Ortiz

2021

Sci Rep

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Despite its transformative impact on human history, the early domestication of the horse (Equus caballus) remains exceedingly difficult to trace in the archaeological record. In recent years, a scientific consensus emerged linking the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan with the first domestication of horses, based on compelling but largely indirect archaeological evidence. A cornerstone of the archaeological case for domestication at Botai is damage to the dentition commonly linked with the use of bridle mouthpieces, or “bit wear.” Recent archaeogenetic analyses reveal, however, that horse remains from Botai are not modern domesticates but instead the Przewalski’s horse, E. przewalskii—warranting reevaluation of evidence for domestication. Here, we compare osteological traits hypothesized to have been caused by horse transport at Botai with wild Pleistocene equids in North America. Our results suggest that damage observed in Botai horse teeth is likely generated by natural disturbances in dental development and wear, rather than through contact with bridle equipment. In light of a careful reconsideration of the mid-Holocene archaeological record of northern Eurasia, we suggest that archaeological materials from Botai are most effectively explained through the regularized mass harvesting of wild Przewalski’s’ horses—meaning that the origins of horse domestication may lie elsewhere.

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“…Due to its hypsodontic nature, the occlusion surface is not built of tooth enamel only, like in humans, but also of cement and dentin (85). Varied use across those three components leads to the formation of sharp ridges on the chewing surface, additionally reducing tooth resistance to abrasion and thus making chewing difficult (25). The uneven abrasion triggers a change in the so-called occlusive contact, with an incorrect location of the upper jaw against the lower jaw (73).…”

Section: Digestive System Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health problems in geriatric horses

Ratz¹,

Kaczmarek²,

Wnuk–Pawlak³

et al. 2021

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Geriatric horses, like other animals (and humans), suffer from various diseases called old-age diseases. This publication has been developed in response to the needs of owners and caretakers of a growing number of geriatric horses. Since the horse has a long life span, the geriatric stage can encompass up to 1/3 of the animal’s lifetime and can quite often last more than 10 years. This paper aims at systematizing the information of the most prevalent geriatric diseases in horses which inhibit their performance and considerably lower their quality of life. Knowledge of these diseases can help to avoid mistakes when keeping and managing such horses and may provide guidelines for maintaining welfare and preventive treatments. This article reviews the most prevalent old age health problems, their origin, diagnostics, course and effects for the body. Information about the most common diseases of old age in horses is found in 119 references. The nine sub-chapters include the diseases of the digestive system, especially the oral cavity, the stomach and bowels’ diseases, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, dysfunctions of the locomotor system, eye diseases, endocrine and neuroendocrine diseases as well as the immune system, neoplasms and general body condition. It should be emphasized that there is the possibility to maintain the well-being of geriatric horses through progress in veterinary medicine and sharing knowledge of equine functioning and health protection. Preventive health care should include regular blood testing, regular dental check-ups and adequate nutrition adapted to the overall condition, dental condition, physical activity and comorbidities. Adequate individual supplementation recommended by a nutrition specialist and a veterinarian is also essential.

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Uneven distribution of enamel, dentine and cementum in cheek teeth of domestic horses (Equus caballus): A micro computed tomography study

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

The ultrastructure of the tooth enamel of small Equus of the “tarpan” group and their possible phylogenetic connections

The ultrastructure of the tooth enamel of small Equus of the “tarpan” group and their possible phylogenetic connections

Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai

Health problems in geriatric horses

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