“…The rhetoric on the benefits of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for governments action is now encompassing the debate on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) solutions for innovating public sector services and decision-making [9][10][11] with a new emphasis on the need for governance of AI and not by AI [9] that resonates the former claims about the governance of ICTs vs. governance by ICTs [7]. Furthermore, although some kind of public value can be gained [12], the switch to social value from co-production [13,14], by involving citizens and external actors, is still an ongoing challenge for public administrations willing to have a role in social innovation through the appropriate exploitation of the unprecedented amount of data available from information production, inside and outside public sector information systems [15]. This is particularly relevant when thinking about the use of crowdsourcing for deliberation, regulatory reviews, and policy initiatives [16][17][18], the development of open innovation in the public sector [19] as well as the emergent challenges of using, e.g., machine learning for deciding on welfare issues [20,21].…”