Influenza and Endemic Viral Pneumonia

Abstract

Viruses are a common and important cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia, and may lead to severe respiratory disease and admission to the intensive care unit. Influenza is the most common virus associated with severe viral pneumonia, although other important causes include respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumonia virus, and coronaviruses. Viral pneumonias tend to have a seasonal predilection and are often preceded by a typical viral prodrome. This article focuses on severe influenza pneumonia, including the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, and briefly discusses other causes of severe respiratory disease of viral etiology.

Community-acquired pneumonia

“…Pandemic H1N1 influenza disproportionately affected younger patients compared with seasonal influenza [28]. ].…”

Low-dose cadmium potentiates lung inflammatory response to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in mice

“…The present research with 16 weeks of Cd in drinking water showed little evidence for inflammation without the second stimulus of H1N1 infection. Thus, Cd accumulation with advanced age (> 65 y), tobacco use, metabolic syndrome and/or obesity, may create a sub-clinical state poised to over-react to influenza virus infection-induced inflammation, which may in turn lead to worse morbidity or mortality (56)(57)(58)(59)(60). For future research, the dose of virus used in our study permits recovery to study later complications such as fibrosis caused by low-dose Cd (53).…”

“…Toxicological sciences 139, [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73] . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.…”

How to approach and treat viral infections in ICU patients

“…Although severe community-acquired pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria, viruses account for approximately 3-10% of cases in large series [59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. The most common cause of viral pneumonia in adults is influenza virus type A and B [32,53,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Immunocompromised patients are more likely to have viral pneumonias caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), adenovirus and rarely measles (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35).…”