Influência da competição intra-específica entre fêmeas e da ausência de hospedeiro no parasitismo de Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) sobre ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Abstract

Na concepção de manejo integrado, a meta não se trata de exterminar a praga, mas de manter sua população regulada, reduzindo-a a um limite compatível com a produção econômica da cultura e a conseqüente manutenção da qualidade ambiental (Cruz 1995). Logo, deve-se sempre ter atenção aos fatores de supressão e regulação de populações, avaliando-se as densidades populacionais da praga e de seus inimigos naturais.Uma das fases fundamentais para que um programa de manejo integrado que utiliza parasitóides obtenha sucesso é o estabelecimento inicial do agente de controle biológico, atuando sobre a praga-alvo (Parra et al. 2002). Entretanto, para que isso ocorra faz-se necessário verificar a disponibilidade Influência da competição intra-específica entre fêmeas e da ausência de hospedeiro no parasitismo de Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) sobre ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Interspecific interaction between Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs

“…However, even under high female densities (e.g., 9 females/100 eggs), Carneiro et al (2009) did not observe more than one individual emergence per egg in laboratory conditions. Similar results were obtained using caged corn plants in field conditions (Carneiro et al 2009). …”

Biological Characteristics and Parasitism Capacity of Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) on Eggs of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

“…However, in augmentative biological control (ABC), parasitism capacity is more important than parasitoid maintenance in the field. Biocontrol agents are seasonally released in large numbers to rapidly reduce pests (van Lenteren et al, 2017); therefore, releasing mated females might not be important considering that the parasitism of available eggs in the field would not be affected (Carneiro et al, 2009). In addition, T. podisi exhibited high survival, as well as a high number of parasitized E. heros eggs, even at 30 °C.…”

Reproduction of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with Different Densities and Parasitism Periods in Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Pupae

“…This proportion includes the maximum number of descendants (ZACHÉ et al 2011). The exposure time of the parasitoid / host is also an important factor in the acceptance by the parasitoid (CARNEIRO et al 2009;CHEN et al 2018), i. e., it influences the percentage of emergence (PEREIRA et al 2010). The emergence of N. vitripennis did not vary between 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure to pupae of C. megacephala (MELLO et al 2010).…”

“…Moreover, the number of females produced is important to maintain and increase the population of natural enemies (HEIMPEL & LUNDGREN 2000). Female parasitoids can change their progeny sex ratio when submitted to certain conditions, such as the presence of several females per host pupa, but the parasitoid female tends to produce a sufficient number of males to fertilize the offspring (CARNEIRO et al 2009). The strategy to invest in a larger number of males in the progeny can assure what is known as "local mate competition" (HAMILTON 1967).…”

“…The densities were sufficient for the survival of the adults and provided the females, in laboratory or field conditions, the time necessary to seek their hosts (CARNEIRO et al 2009). Females permanently exposed to parasitism tend to have lower longevity when compared to females deprived of hosts, it was observed that even after nine days of host absence there was no significant reduction in Telenomus remus (Nixon, 1937) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitism rates (CARNEIRO et al 2009). In mass production, the survival capacity of natural enemies is one of the requirements for quality control (QUEIROZ et al 2017).…”