Influences on allergic mechanisms through gut, lung, and skin microbiome exposures

Abstract

In industrialized societies the incidence of allergic diseases like atopic dermatitis, food allergies, and asthma has risen alarmingly over the last few decades. This increase has been attributed, in part, to lifestyle changes that alter the composition and function of the microbes that colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces. Strategies that reverse these changes to establish and maintain a healthy microbiome show promise for the prevention and treatment of allergic disease. In this Review, we will discuss evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that gives insights into how the microbiota of skin, intestinal tract, and airways influence immune responses in the context of allergic sensitization.

Host–microbiota interactions in immune-mediated diseases

“…Extensive epidemiological evidence implicates dysbiosis of the microbiota in the development of atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma 76 . All barrier surfaces, in particular the skin, have regional niches that harbour unique communities of bacteria and thus may influence local and systemic immune responses 77,78 .…”

Changes in the Diversity of Human Skin Microbiota to Cosmetic Serum Containing Prebiotics: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial

“…For instance, S. aureus produces proteases that are capable of penetrating the dermis of patients or mice with atopy disease (AD) and deleterious mutations in the filaggrin gene [33,34]. In fact, in AD, abundance of S. aureus was associated with immune dysfunctions, including T helper cell 2 lymphocyte asymmetry, reduced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), exacerbated allergic reactions, and destruction of the skin barrier [35]. S. aureus increases the production of type 2 cytokines, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 [33].…”

Changes in The Diversity of Human Skin Microbiota to Cosmetic Serum Containing Prebiotics: Results From A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…For instance, S. aureus produces proteases that are capable of penetrating the dermis of patients or mice with atopy disease (AD) and deleterious mutations in the laggrin gene [28,29]. In fact, in AD, abundance of S. aureus was associated with immune dysfunctions, including T helper cell 2 lymphocyte asymmetry, reduced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), exacerbated allergic reactions, and destruction of the skin barrier [30]. S. aureus increases the production of type 2 cytokines, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 [28].…”