Influence of urbanity on perception of mental illness stigma: a population based study in urban and rural Hanoi, Vietnam

Ta, Thi Minh Tam; Zieger, Aron; Schomerus, Georg; Cao, Tien Duc; Dettling, Michael; Tinh, Xuan; Mungee, Aditya; Diefenbacher, Albert; Angermeyer, Matthias C.; Hahn, Eric

doi:10.1177/0020764016670430

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A study in 2010[ 18 ] mapped the mental health spending in several low-middle income countries and found that in the Indian state of Kerala only 2% of the national health budget was allocated to mental health care. To some degree, similar patterns of national financial priorities can be observed in other low-[ 48 49 ] and middle-income countries, and even in high-income countries such as Germany. [ 21 22 ] However, stigma toward individuals who have mental illness in Asian countries is often disproportionally higher than that in Western countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Perceived stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental illness: A survey-based study of the general population in five metropolitan cities in India

Böge

Zieger

Mungee

et al. 2018

Indian J Psychiatry

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Background:India faces a significant gap between the prevalence of mental illness among the population and the availability and effectiveness of mental health care in providing adequate treatment. This discrepancy results in structural stigma toward mental illness which in turn is one of the main reasons for a persistence of the treatment gap, whereas societal factors such as religion, education, and family structures play critical roles. This survey-based study investigates perceived stigma toward mental illness in five metropolitan cities in India and explores the roles of relevant sociodemographic factors.Materials and Methods:Samples were collected in five metropolitan cities in India including Chennai (n = 166), Kolkata (n = 158), Hyderabad (n = 139), Lucknow (n = 183), and Mumbai (n = 278). Stratified quota sampling was used to match the general population concerning age, gender, and religion. Further, sociodemographic variables such as educational attainment and strength of religious beliefs were included in the statistical analysis.Results:Participants displayed overall high levels of perceived stigma. Multiple linear regression analysis found a significant effect of gender (P < 0.01), with female participants showing higher levels of perceived stigma compared to male counterparts.Conclusion:Gender differences in cultural and societal roles and expectations could account for higher levels of perceived stigma among female participants. A higher level of perceived stigma among female participants is attributed to cultural norms and female roles within a family or broader social system. This study underlines that while India as a country in transition, societal and gender rules still impact perceived stigma and discrimination of people with mental illness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Perceived stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental illness: A survey-based study of the general population in five metropolitan cities in India

Böge

Zieger

Mungee

et al. 2018

Indian J Psychiatry

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“…Rural residents also show a supportive, tolerant attitude in assisting patients on the path of recovery [ 46 ]. Furthermore, rural living conditions with opportunities for manual and agricultural labor could provide perceived useful opportunities for persons affected by mental illness [ 89 ]. In contrast, a wide range of technology-based industries is conducive for urban growth, and this brings about a competitive job situation in urban areas [ 89 , 90 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, rural living conditions with opportunities for manual and agricultural labor could provide perceived useful opportunities for persons affected by mental illness [ 89 ]. In contrast, a wide range of technology-based industries is conducive for urban growth, and this brings about a competitive job situation in urban areas [ 89 , 90 ]. We infer that people with mental illness in rural areas can be better integrated into the local society in rural areas than in high-pressure urban areas; hence, rural residents may show reduced social distancing from these people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Individual-Level and Context-Level Factors and Social Distancing from Patients with Depression in Taiwan: A Multilevel Analysis of National Surveys

Tsai

Kao

Lien

2020

IJERPH

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Background: Research on social distancing from patients with depression has primarily focused on individual-level factors rather than context-level factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between individual-level and context-level factors and social distancing from depressive patients. Methods: Sample data were collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews with 800 Taiwanese adults aged 20 to 65 years in 2016. All effects were tested using multilevel analysis. Results: With regard to individual-level variables, male sex, older age, people with more perceived dangerousness and those with more emotional reaction of fear were associated with greater social distancing from depressive patients. After controlling for individual-level variables, a positive association was found between the degree of urbanization and social distancing. We also found the interaction between the density of psychiatric rehabilitation services and perceived dangerousness to be associated with social distance. This finding revealed that persons with more perceived dangerousness and living in a region with higher density of psychiatric rehabilitation services were associated with greater social distance. Conclusions: We found that social distancing from depressive patients is not only determined by individual-level factors but influenced by the surroundings. This study provides useful directions for the implementation of optimal anti-stigma interventions for patients with depression.

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“…The Oslo 3-item Social Support Scale (OSSS) asks about ease of getting practical help, number of close acquaintances, and level of concern from others (25). Categorized as poor support (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), intermediate support (9)(10)(11), or strong support (12)(13)(14). The OSSS has been previously used in the district.…”

Section: Alcohol Use the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural vs urban residence and experience of discrimination among people with severe mental illnesses in Ethiopia

Forthal

Fekadu

Medhin

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Few studies have addressed mental illness-related discrimination in low-income countries, where the mental health treatment gap is highest. We aimed to evaluate the experience of discrimination among persons with severe mental illnesses (SMI) in Ethiopia, a low-income, rapidly urbanizing African country, and hypothesised that experienced discrimination would be higher among those living in a rural compared to an urban setting. Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey of a community-ascertained sample of people with SMI who underwent confirmatory diagnostic interview. Experienced discrimination was measured using the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12). Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to estimate the effect of place of residence (rural vs. urban) on discrimination, adjusted for potential confounders. Results Of the 300 study participants, 63.3% had experienced discrimination in the previous year, most commonly being avoided or shunned because of mental illness (38.5%). Urban residents were significantly more likely to have experienced unfair treatment from friends (χ2(1)=4.80; p=0.028), the police (χ2(1) =11.97; p=0.001), in keeping a job (χ2(1)=5.43; p=0.020), and in safety (χ2(1)=5.00; p=0.025), and had a significantly higher DISC-12 score than those living in rural areas (adjusted risk ratio: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.33). Conclusions Persons with SMI living in urban settings report more experience of discrimination than their rural counterparts, which may reflect a downside of wider social opportunities in urban settings. Initiatives to expand access to mental health care should consider how social exclusion can be overcome in different settings.

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Influence of urbanity on perception of mental illness stigma: a population based study in urban and rural Hanoi, Vietnam

Cited by 31 publications

References 41 publications

Perceived stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental illness: A survey-based study of the general population in five metropolitan cities in India

Perceived stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental illness: A survey-based study of the general population in five metropolitan cities in India

The Relationship between Individual-Level and Context-Level Factors and Social Distancing from Patients with Depression in Taiwan: A Multilevel Analysis of National Surveys

Rural vs urban residence and experience of discrimination among people with severe mental illnesses in Ethiopia

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