“…Figure 13 presents the automatic equipment developed in our laboratory in order to handle tufting structures. The present device is equipped with the following elements [25]: – Tufting device can move along the x and y axes. It is made with a tufting needle which is connected to a pneumatic jack, which makes it possible to control the tufting deepness.…”
Section: Reinforcement Technologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…– Feeding device provides the tufting thread with a certain length and tension.– A mobile framework which allows the movement of the various equipment. Figure 13.Tufting device (ENSAIT-Gemtex) [25]. …”
Section: Reinforcement Technologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…– A mobile framework which allows the movement of the various equipment. Figure 13.Tufting device (ENSAIT-Gemtex) [25]. …”
Section: Reinforcement Technologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Few results concern tufted 3D-fibre composites and their mechanical properties which are essentially published in [23–33]. Recent studies presented by Pappas et al.…”
Three-dimensional preforms have been developed in order to remedy and minimize the out-of-plane damage caused by 2D structures. Several researches have been done on more complex structures which have more interesting mechanical characteristics through-the-thickness. A wide spectrum of 3D textile technologies encompassing weaving, knitting, stitching, z-pinning, tufting, etc. is used to manufacture through-the-thickness reinforced materials. This kind of reinforcement aims to achieve a balance between the in-plane and out-of-plane properties. Recently, tufting shows more opportunities to develop through-the-thickness reinforcements especially with the advances in devices from manual to fully automatic. In literature, the mechanical behaviour of tufted composites has been one of the main subjects, however, few studies outline the mechanical behaviour of dry tufted fabrics. Dry stage is an essential step to understand the influence of through-the-thickness reinforcement and the formability of multilayer preforms. In this context, the present paper reviews the various technologies of through-the-thickness reinforcement as well as the microstructural defects related to both the impregnation and the kind of reinforcement. Also, this work highlights the mechanical performance of tufted 3D structures at dry and composite scales.
“…Figure 13 presents the automatic equipment developed in our laboratory in order to handle tufting structures. The present device is equipped with the following elements [25]: – Tufting device can move along the x and y axes. It is made with a tufting needle which is connected to a pneumatic jack, which makes it possible to control the tufting deepness.…”
Section: Reinforcement Technologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…– Feeding device provides the tufting thread with a certain length and tension.– A mobile framework which allows the movement of the various equipment. Figure 13.Tufting device (ENSAIT-Gemtex) [25]. …”
Section: Reinforcement Technologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…– A mobile framework which allows the movement of the various equipment. Figure 13.Tufting device (ENSAIT-Gemtex) [25]. …”
Section: Reinforcement Technologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Few results concern tufted 3D-fibre composites and their mechanical properties which are essentially published in [23–33]. Recent studies presented by Pappas et al.…”
Three-dimensional preforms have been developed in order to remedy and minimize the out-of-plane damage caused by 2D structures. Several researches have been done on more complex structures which have more interesting mechanical characteristics through-the-thickness. A wide spectrum of 3D textile technologies encompassing weaving, knitting, stitching, z-pinning, tufting, etc. is used to manufacture through-the-thickness reinforced materials. This kind of reinforcement aims to achieve a balance between the in-plane and out-of-plane properties. Recently, tufting shows more opportunities to develop through-the-thickness reinforcements especially with the advances in devices from manual to fully automatic. In literature, the mechanical behaviour of tufted composites has been one of the main subjects, however, few studies outline the mechanical behaviour of dry tufted fabrics. Dry stage is an essential step to understand the influence of through-the-thickness reinforcement and the formability of multilayer preforms. In this context, the present paper reviews the various technologies of through-the-thickness reinforcement as well as the microstructural defects related to both the impregnation and the kind of reinforcement. Also, this work highlights the mechanical performance of tufted 3D structures at dry and composite scales.
“…Over the past decade, several researchers have explored and demonstrated the advantages of tufting in both monolithic and sandwich structures under a range of design cases [13][14][15][16]. More recently, a study of particular interest by Blok et al [17] demonstrated the potential of tufts to improve the crashworthiness of sandwich structures under edgewise loading.…”
Tufting has been shown to be an effective method for improving the performance of sandwich structures against edgewise impact loading. However, the mechanisms that take place during failure, and the role the tufts play within this are not well characterised. Experimental testing has therefore been carried out to improve the understanding of the failure behaviour of these structures, with the particular focus of this study being on investigating the behaviour of the tufts themselves. Firstly quasistatic edgewise crushing tests were carried out to visually identify the failure behaviour of the tufts, indicating that the tufts 'drift' and collide as they fail. Follow up testing was then carried out on the interaction between the tufts and the surrounding foam core. Whilst it was observed that single tufts only have a very small contribution to the overall energy absorption of a tufted panel, this contribution can increase significantly with the addition of multiple tufts, and allowing interactions to occur between them. This behaviour could therefore be designed into the structure to help maximise the energy absorption during an impact event.
Despite of the fact that more and more accessory devices are integrated to functionalize a ballistic helmet system, its core ballistic protective function needs to be improved with weight reduction was and still is the main course in engineering design. The two major generic classes of synthetic fibres for ballistic composites are Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibre (0.97 g/cm3) and aramid fibre (1.44 g/cm3). In the area of military helmets, these fibres are constructed into different topologies, draping/forming into double-curvature geometric shape in multiple plies, serving as reinforcement for composite shell. The preforming ways influence the subsequent impregnation / solidification and curing step in manufacture, in terms of the fibre orientation and fibre volume fraction. The inherent structural heterogeneity thus leads to scatter in permeability and composite thickness, and have further impact in generating process-induced defects. During the processing, the fibre continuity without wrinkles, together with voids-free are determinative factors to a quality final part. The aim of this paper is to review the manufacturing technologies characterised by thermo-mechanical forming and Liquid Composite Moulding (LCM), relating their processing parameters respectively to the properties of reinforcements in one dimension (1D), two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D), along with that of the matrix in dry or wet phase, interdependency of them are sought.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
