Influence of the temperature on the formation of a phenolic resol resin catalyzed with amine

Aierbe, G. Astarloa; Echeverría, J. M.; Riccardi, C. C.; Mondragón, Iñaki

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00815-1

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Carbonates (sodium carbonates) and oxides (calcium or magnesium oxides) are also employed [38, 39]. Tertiary amines, in particular triethylamine, are also used [16, 19–22, 41] being it the selected catalyst throughout this work. NaOH was also chosen to compare its influence on the final properties of the composites for being one of the most worldwide used catalysts in phenolic synthesis and as representative of the hydroxides.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of cure conditions on properties of resol/layered silicate nanocomposites

López

Blanco

Martín

et al. 2011

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The effects on clay exfoliation of organic modification of montmorillonite (MMT) and the nature of the catalyst used during the synthesis and curing of a MMT modified phenolic resol resin were investigated. The impact on the final properties of other parameters such as reactivity ratio and temperature of condensation were also analyzed in order to optimize the conditions to prepare a customized organoclay-based nanocomposite. Nanocomposites were analyzed by means of wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), optical microscopy (TOM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenolic resins are irreplaceable materials for a wide range of industrial applications such as adhesives, coatings, laminates, and composites [16–22]. Phenolic resins are synthesized by the reaction of phenol with aldehydes, especially formaldehyde, and are classified as resols and novolacs depending on phenol/aldehyde ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of cure conditions on properties of resol/layered silicate nanocomposites

López

Blanco

Martín

et al. 2011

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Most of these applications are due to the fact that their low-cost, easily processability, high chemical resistance, fine dimensional stability, good temperature resistance and superior mechanical strength characteristics (Hsief & Beeson, 1997;Knop & Scheib, 1979;Gardziella, Pilato, & Knop, 2000;Astarloa-Aierbe, Echeverria, Martin, Etxeberria & Mondragon, 2002;AstarloaAierbe, Echeverria, Vazquez & Mondragon, 2000;Higuchi, 1999;Zmihorsa-Gotfryd, 2004;Fan, Qin, Wang & Chu, 2010). The common phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) formed from phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of alkali, that named as resol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Preparation of Resol/Sepiolite Nanocomposites

Alkan

Kızılcan

2015

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences

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In this study, in situ modified phenol formaldehyde resins were prepared from clay (sepiolite) in the presence of base catalyst. Different clay contents (3 wt%, 5wt%, 8 wt%, 10 wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 30wt% and 50 wt%) were used to produce sepiolite modified resol nanocomposite resins (SEP-PFNCRs). SEP-PFNCRs were partially cured by heat and the effects of the curing process and the clay content in the resol resin were determined on the spectroscopic, thermal, and microscopic properties of the final products. The structures of the specimens were characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the samples were determined with Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The dispersion of sepiolite in the resol nanocomposites were examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The obtained samples were also characterized morphologically by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

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“…There have been many attempts to cure PF resins faster, including mixed with various resins [3] , adding accelerators and different catalysts such as ester [4,5] , copolymerized urea [6][7][8] , carbonate [9,10] and amides [11,12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of resin have been widely used as industrial impregnating resins and adhesives in various applications for more than 50 years [1,2] . One of the drawbacks of PF resin is its slow cure which requires longer hot-pressing time and higher hot-pressing temperature for the manufacture of composite products.There have been many attempts to cure PF resins faster, including mixed with various resins [3] , adding accelerators and different catalysts such as ester [4,5] , copolymerized urea [6][7][8] , carbonate [9,10] and amides [11,12] .Faster curing PF resins may also be prepared by metallic ion catalysis, which increases the proportion of the free higher reactive para positions available for the reaction during curing of the resin. It was investigated that the valence and ionic radius of hydrated cations of basic catalyst on the mechanisms and kinetics of phenol formaldehyde…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemical Structure and Curing Characteristics of Phenol Formaldehyde Resins Catalyzed with Calcium Oxide

Wang

Zhang

2012

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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Phenol formaldehyde resin catalysed by calcium oxide was synthesised under controlled temperature, material mixture ratios. The effects of catalysts on chemical structure of phenol formaldehyde resin was investigated by high performance liquid chromatography, fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated that synthesis parameters, including formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio and catalyst to phenol ratio, influence the rate of cure. Phenol formaldehyde resin catalysed by calcium oxide showed higher addition of formaldehyde onto ortho positions of phenolic rings, whereas in the presence of sodium hydroxyde addition onto para sites was favoured. The result of DSC was applied to investigate that Phenol formaldehyde resin catalysed by calcium oxide could cure at a low temperature. INTRODUCTIONPhenol formaldehyde (PF) resins were the first commercial synthetic polymeric materials. This type of resin have been widely used as industrial impregnating resins and adhesives in various applications for more than 50 years [1,2] . One of the drawbacks of PF resin is its slow cure which requires longer hot-pressing time and higher hot-pressing temperature for the manufacture of composite products.There have been many attempts to cure PF resins faster, including mixed with various resins [3] , adding accelerators and different catalysts such as ester [4,5] , copolymerized urea [6][7][8] , carbonate [9,10] and amides [11,12] .Faster curing PF resins may also be prepared by metallic ion catalysis, which increases the proportion of the free higher reactive para positions available for the reaction during curing of the resin. It was investigated that the valence and ionic radius of hydrated cations of basic catalyst on the mechanisms and kinetics of phenol formaldehyde

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Influence of the temperature on the formation of a phenolic resol resin catalyzed with amine

Cited by 28 publications

References 19 publications

Influence of cure conditions on properties of resol/layered silicate nanocomposites

Influence of cure conditions on properties of resol/layered silicate nanocomposites

In Situ Preparation of Resol/Sepiolite Nanocomposites

Chemical Structure and Curing Characteristics of Phenol Formaldehyde Resins Catalyzed with Calcium Oxide

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