Influence of the Federal Housing Administration on Mortgage Lending Policy

Babcock, Frederick M.

doi:10.2307/3158267

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…One manifestation of racist beliefs into appraisal practices was that racially segregated neighborhoods became a norm that signaled stability whereas integrated neighborhoods largely signaled neighborhood decline (Babcock, 1924(Babcock, , 1936Hoyt, 1933Hoyt, , 1939. For the early federal housing leaders, a lack of uniformity in a neighborhood-whether due to variation in housing quality or the demographic make-up of residents-was a measure of instability and to be avoided lest it negatively affect long-term investments (Stuart, 2003;Winling & Michney, 2021).…”

Section: New Deal-era Housing Policy and The Codification Of Resident...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Redlining: The Relevance of 20th Century Housing Policy to 21st Century Broadband Access and Education

2023

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Broadband is not equally accessible among students despite its increasing importance to education. We investigate the relationship between broadband and housing policy by joining two measures of broadband access with Depression-era redlining maps that classified neighborhoods based in part on racist and classist beliefs. We find that despite internet service provider self-reports of similar technological availability, broadband access generally decreases in tandem with historic neighborhood classification, with further heterogeneity by race/ethnicity and income. Our findings demonstrate how past federally-developed housing policies connect to the digital divide and should be considered in educational policies that require broadband for success.

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Section: New Deal-era Housing Policy and The Codification Of Resident...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Redlining: The Relevance of 20th Century Housing Policy to 21st Century Broadband Access and Education

2023

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“…(Babcock 1932:86) Following his initial treatise on real estate appraisal in 1924 and 1932, Babcock transitioned to the FHA. While there, he and his colleagues continued to systematize their understandings of real estate valuation and mortgage risk-rating procedures (Babcock 1935(Babcock , 1936(Babcock , 1939Babcock, Massey, and Greene 1938). Babcock (1935:316) described mortgage risk as an analytical construct, which is represented as "an over-all [sic] degree of hazard" or "losses," encapsulating the likelihood of mortgage loan default, and the "troublesome" experiences, expenses, and lost income that can span the time from before default to foreclosure and property resale.…”

Section: Frederick M Babcock: Parallels and Intersections With Classi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Racialized Hazardous Space: A Critical Race Urban-Environmental Sociology of Residential Security in the Depression Era

Liévanos

2023

City & Community

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This article advances a novel “critical race urban-environmental sociology” (CRUES) approach that synthesizes Marxist and critical race theory to focus on the “production of racialized hazardous space” and “residential security” during the Great Depression in the U.S. It applies the CRUES lens to the work of Frederick M. Babcock, the economist who disseminated authoritative and racially discriminatory statements on residential security and neighborhood appraisals before and during his tenure at the Federal Housing Administration. The article shows how Babcock paralleled and intersected with strands of classic urban ecology to conflate racially segregated and environmentally hazardous neighborhoods and naturalize their devalued status. Using the CRUES lens, the article also frames the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation’s (HOLC) worst neighborhood rating in its 1930s Residential Security Surveys as racialized hazardous space, and advances a conceptual model for future research on how environmental hazards, racialized social “threats,” and other sociospatial factors conditioned HOLC hazardous grade assignments.

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James A. Graaskamp, Richard T. Ely, and the Tradition of Real Estate and Urban Land Economics at the University of Wisconsin

Weiss

2000

Essays in Honor of James A. Graaskamp: Ten Years After

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Influence of the Federal Housing Administration on Mortgage Lending Policy

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Digital Redlining: The Relevance of 20th Century Housing Policy to 21st Century Broadband Access and Education

Digital Redlining: The Relevance of 20th Century Housing Policy to 21st Century Broadband Access and Education

Racialized Hazardous Space: A Critical Race Urban-Environmental Sociology of Residential Security in the Depression Era

James A. Graaskamp, Richard T. Ely, and the Tradition of Real Estate and Urban Land Economics at the University of Wisconsin

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