Influence of the degree of conversion and Bis-GMA residues of bulk fill resins on tissue toxicity in an subcutaneous model in rats

Abstract

Aim: To analyse the influence of the degree of conversion (DC) and light curing residues of different bulk fills (BFs) composites on the inflammatory profile in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Materials and methods: Resin disks of BF-resins and their active conventional resins (CR; 3M®, Ivoclar®, and Kerr®) were light-cured at 2 mm (BF-superficial) and 4 mm (BF-deep) thicknesses and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR; n = 3/group; DC and light curing residues). Then, the disks were implanted in four quadrants in the subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats (sham, CR, BF-superficial and RF-deep), and after 7, 14, and 28 days, the animals ( n = 6/day) were euthanized for histological analysis of the intensity of the inflammatory process (scores 0–3). Kruskal–Wallis/Dunn and ANOVA/Bonferroni tests were used ( p < 0.05, Graph Pad Prism 5.0). Results: The DC of CR 3M® did not differ significantly compared to BF-superficial and BF-deep resins ( p = 0.235). The Ivoclar® and Kerr® resins showed a higher DC with CR and BF-superficial compared to the BF-deep ( p = 0.005 and p = 0.011, rctively). Kerr® resins showed a higher Bis-GMA/UDMA ratio, especially in BF-deep resin ( p < 0.05). 3M® and Ivoclar resins did not show high inflammation scores, but for Kerr® BF resins (superficial and deep), the inflammatory process was significantly higher than that in the CR and sham quadrants ( p = 0.031). Conclusion: The tissue inflammatory response after resin inoculation depends on the DC and light curing residues of Bis-GMA.

Rutin alleviates bisphenol A‐glycidyl methacrylate‐induced generation of proinflammatory mediators through the MAPK and NF‐κB pathways in macrophages

“…In dentistry and orthopedics, BisGMA‐based mixtures are used to prepare nonresorbable composite resins through polymerization, after which monomers are released from the BisGMA‐based resins due to incomplete conversion and binding 3,4 . Generally, BisGMA has several biotoxic effects, such as pulp toxicity, estrogenicity, teratogenicity, and the triggering of inflammation and allergies 5–9 . In macrophages, BisGMA induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity 10 .…”

“…Generally, BisGMA has several biotoxic effects, such as pulp toxicity, estrogenicity, teratogenicity, and the triggering of inflammation and allergies. [5][6][7][8][9] In macrophages, BisGMA induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity. 10 In addition, BisGMA induces the generation of proinflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO), by activating the nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factor and its upstream factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).…”

Protective effect of wogonin on inflammatory responses in BisGMA‐treated macrophages through the inhibition of MAPK and NFκB pathways

“…After light‐curing, the BisGMA monomer leaks and is eluted because of insufficient polymerization 11,12 . Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects are induced by BisGMA in differential cells, including macrophages, alveolar basal epithelial cells, dental pulp cells, and in subcutaneous rat models 13–18 . BisGMA‐induced proinflammation in macrophages involves the generation of proinflammation mediators, phosphorylation of MAPKs including p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK, and activation of NF‐κB pathways that induce IκB degradation and NF‐κB p65 phosphorylation 8,16,19 .…”

“…11,12 Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects are induced by BisGMA in differential cells, including macrophages, alveolar basal epithelial cells, dental pulp cells, and in subcutaneous rat models. [13][14][15][16][17][18] BisGMA-induced proinflammation in macrophages involves the generation of proinflammation mediators, phosphorylation of MAPKs including p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK, and activation of NF-κB pathways that induce IκB degradation and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. 8,16,19 In this study, we investigated the protective effect of wogonin on BisGMA-induced inflammatory responses due to the generation of proinflammatory mediators in macrophages.…”

Properties of Nanohybrid Dental Composites—A Comparative In Vitro Study

“…Most of the resins used for dental applications are based on acrylic monomers such as bis-GMA, TEG-DMA, and UDMA [3,[7][8][9][10], which are further coupled by silanized agents to form the polymer matrix. Filler particles could be crystalline such as quartz, hydroxyapatite, tri-calcium phosphate, and zirconia [11][12][13] or amorphous such as glass (such as barium oxide or lithium disilicate glasses) [14,15].…”