Influence of temperature and chain orientation on the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during fast drawing

Mahendrasingam, A.; Blundell, D.J.; Martin, C.; Fuller, W.; MacKerron, D.; Harvie, J.L.; Oldman, R. J.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00129-4

Cited by 97 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This indicates that only a part of amorphous phase is highly oriented. This scattering should be the same as that observed for PET film by Mahendrasingam et al 20,[22][23][24] and Kawakami et al 31,32 Crystal diffraction appeared abruptly 20 ms after necking. It is not observed at all in the 17 ms diffraction image, and becomes clear in the 30 ms image.…”

Section: Waxd Imagessupporting

confidence: 85%

“…In addition, the fiber structure development process is not analyzed by the latter category of studies. The results reported by Mahendrasingam et al [21][22][23][24][25] are notable, because they reported x-ray diffraction images for the highest strain rate. They observed orientation-induced crystallization behavior by the images that were measured every 40 ms for a batch drawing process at strain rates of 0.01 to 15 s -1 , temperatures of 90 to 120°C, and draw ratios of 2.2 to 4.0.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…For the drawing process, most on-line measurement studies fall into one of two categories; batch drawing under small strain rate [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] , and draw ratio dependence of continuous drawing [33][34][35][36] . In both cases, x-ray diffraction images are taken at a fixed position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO₂‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber

Yamaguchi

Komoriyama

Ohkoshi

et al. 2005

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Fiber structure development in the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber drawing process was investigated by on-line measurement of wide-angle and small-angle x-ray scattering employing both a high-luminance x-ray source and a carbon dioxide laser-heated-drawing system. Intensity profile of transmitted x-ray confirmed the location of the neck-drawing point. Obtained diffraction images had a time-resolution of several milliseconds, which still leaves a great capacity for improvement. Crystal diffraction appeared in the wide-angle x-ray images almost instantaneously about 20 ms after necking, whereas a four-point SAXS pattern appeared immediately after necking. With the elapse of time after necking, the four-point scattering pattern changed to a meridional two-point shape.

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Section: Waxd Imagessupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO₂‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber

Yamaguchi

Komoriyama

Ohkoshi

et al. 2005

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…This effect is related with the strain induced modification of the microstructure of PET [3,4,5]. The model (Eq.1) has been identified supposing the strain and stress fields uniformity in the PET specimen.…”

Section: Nonlinear Viscous Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization by the C-NEM Method of the Stretch-Blow Molding Process of a PET Bottle Near T g

Cosson¹,

Chevalier²,

Yvonnet³

2008

Int J Mater Form

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The stretch-blow molding process of poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles generates some important modifications in the mechanical properties of the material. Considering, the range of temperature (T > T g ) that is usually used, the material has a very high viscosity and shows a strain hardening effect linked to the microstructure evolution. A simple visco-plastic model had been identified from experimental results of uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests [1]. In the present work, we use this model and a numerical technique to simulate the inflation of a preform under an internal pressure and also submitted to the elongation of a stretch rod. The finite elements method has a poor efficiency in the stretch-blow molding process because the final material strain is up to 300%. This strain level generates strong element distortions and necessitates to often re-mesh. In order to carry out simulations with strain higher than 300%, the constrained natural elements method (C-NEM [2]) is used. In fact, the C-NEM method allows simulation with high strain level without re-meshing. The original "mesh" can be use from the beginning to the end of the simulation. So the properties of the material can be recorded in each node, without loss of information. In a first approach C-NEM are applied to simulate and optimize stretch-blowing of a PET preform by using axis symmetric assumption, the mold is not taking into account.

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“…The material characterisation technique using the biaxial stretching machine was not able to replicate the sequential deformation type for every foreseeable stretch scenario; indeed, only constant width and pure biaxial deformation were captured. The amount of initial linear stretch, and therefore the onset of orientation and eventual strain hardening [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], significantly affects the inflation of the preform.…”

Section: Free-blow Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring and modelling air mass flow rate in the injection stretch blow moulding process

Salomeia¹,

Menary

Armstrong

et al. 2015

Int J Mater Form

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The injection stretch blow moulding process involves the inflation and stretching of a hot preform into a mould to form bottles. A critical process variable and an essential input for process simulations is the rate of pressure increase within the preform during forming, which is regulated by an air flow restrictor valve. The paper describes a set of experiments for measuring the air flow rate within an industrial ISBM machine and the subsequent modelling of it with the FEA package AbaqusABAQUS. Two rigid containers were inserted into a Sidel SBO1 blow moulding machine and subjected to different supply pressures and air flow restrictor settings. The pressure and air temperature were recorded for each experiment enabling the mass flow rate of air to be determined along with an important machine characteristic known as the 'dead volume'. The experimental setup was simulated within the commercial FEA package AbaqusABAQUS/Explicit using a combination of structural, fluid and fluid link elements that idealize the air flowing through an orifice behaving as an ideal gas under isothermal conditions. Results between experiment and simulation are compared and show a good correlation.

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Influence of temperature and chain orientation on the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during fast drawing

Cited by 97 publications

References 21 publications

Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO₂‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber

Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO₂‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber

Optimization by the C-NEM Method of the Stretch-Blow Molding Process of a PET Bottle Near T g

Measuring and modelling air mass flow rate in the injection stretch blow moulding process

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Influence of temperature and chain orientation on the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during fast drawing

Cited by 97 publications

References 21 publications

Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO2‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber

Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO2‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber

Optimization by the C-NEM Method of the Stretch-Blow Molding Process of a PET Bottle Near T g

Measuring and modelling air mass flow rate in the injection stretch blow moulding process

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO₂‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber

Online wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction/small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for the CO₂‐laser‐heated drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber