Influence of Stressors on Normal Intestinal Microbiota, Intestinal Morphology, and Susceptibility to Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization in Broilers

Burkholder, Kristin M.; Thompson, K. L.; Einstein, M.E.; Applegate, T. J.; Patterson, J. A.

doi:10.3382/ps.2008-00107

Cited by 299 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Hao et al (2012) showed that in the first 10 h of heat stress, no intestinal damage was observed in broilers. Intestinal injury related to heat stress was reported after 24 h by Burkholder et al (2008), however, which is in line with our study, where birds were exposed for 4 days and each day for 8 h, a total of 32 h of heat stress. Quinteiro-Filho et al (2010 did not find differences in villus height and crypt depth in the intestines from chickens subjected to heat stress for 6 days, which may indicate that the birds have the capacity to adapt to this condition.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

“…While the birds rested during the entire heat period (albeit with spread wings and panting), they rapidly compensated for this by rapid feed intake during the remaining light period. Such behaviour might have influenced the gut mucosal damage; Burkholder et al (2008) showed that intestinal damage occurs due to heat stress and feed withdrawal. Therefore, while the gut was not empty at necropsy, we cannot exclude a degree of mucosal damage due to feed deprivation caused by heat stress.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A healthy intestinal epithelium is characterized by a rapid rate of cell turnover, whereby epithelial cells are continuously replaced by new cells derived from crypt stem cells. The integrity of the small intestine has been evaluated by measuring villus height and crypt depth Ashraf et al, 2013;Song et al, 2014), villus width (Ashraf et al, 2013), villus:crypt ratio (Burkholder et al, 2008;Hao et al, 2012) and villus surface (Ashraf et al, 2013). Histopathological scoring of lesions has been limited to semi-quantitative scores such as mild, moderate and severe alterations (Quinteiro-Filho et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative histo-morphometric analysis of heat-stress-related damage in the small intestines of broiler chickens

et al. 2014

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The aim of the current research was to present a methodological approach allowing reproducible morphometric and morphological (Chiu/Park scale) analyses of the alterations in the intestines of broilers exposed to heat stress. Ross broilers were exposed over four consecutive days to a high-temperature regime in controlled climate rooms, with a day temperature of 39°C (±1°C) and a night temperature of 25°C (±1°C), respectively. A control group was kept at an ambient temperature of 25°C (±1°C) during the entire experimental period. At the end of the exposure period, the birds were sacrificed and specimens were taken of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum for histology. Blood was collected for oxidative stress analysis. Histo-morphological and morphometric analyses of the intestines indicated that the duodenum and jejunum showed more damage than the ileum. The major alterations in the control intestines were limited to the villus tips, while heat stress led to villus denudation and crypt damage. When compared with morphologically normal villi, heat-stress-associated alterations were also observed in villus height (decreased), villus breadth at base (increased) and epithelial cell area (decreased). Birds exposed to heat stress presented with an increase in glutathione peroxidase activity and a decreased antioxidant capacity. It can be concluded that the chosen model allows a reproducible quantification of heat stress effects, which is suitable for the evaluation of dietary intervention strategies to combat heat stress conditions.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative histo-morphometric analysis of heat-stress-related damage in the small intestines of broiler chickens

et al. 2014

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“…Although knowledge of the ideal gut microbiota is still incomplete, it is apparent that a variety of diets can equally support optimal broiler performance and maintain a healthy gut microbial balance (Torok et al 2011b). Several factors can influence the host's gut microbiota, including age, genetics, rearing environment and stress, although the greatest determinant by far is the host's diet (Lu et al 2003;Burkholder et al 2008;Torok et al 2009Torok et al , 2011bLumpkins et al 2010). All these factors also have the potential to influence the animal's performance as measured by growth rate, feed efficiency or productivity, hence indicating a close relationship between gut microbiota and animal performance (Torok et al 2011b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative molecular assays for evaluating changes in broiler gut microbiota linked with diet and performance

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Changes in the levels of specific gut bacteria have been linked to improved broiler feed efficiency. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were developed to five potential performance-related bacteria (Lactobacillus salivarius, L. crispatus, L. aviarius, Gallibacterium anatis and Escherichia coli) and generic eubacteria. These were used to screen broiler gut samples from four geographically diverse Australian feeding trials showing significant treatment-related differences in feed efficiency. It was our aim to validate the association of particular bacteria with broiler feed efficiency across a broad range of environmental and dietary conditions, and hence to evaluate their predictive potential for monitoring broiler performance. Across trials L. salivarius, L. crispatus, L. aviarius, E. coli and total eubacterial numbers were significantly altered by diet, environment (litter), and/or sex of birds. Furthermore, changes in the numbers of these gut bacteria were significantly linked to broiler performance. Lactobacilli and total eubacteria were significantly decreased in birds that were more feed efficient. E. coli was not consistently linked with either improved or decreased performance and these discrepancies may be due to differences at the strain level which were not detectable using our assays. G. anatis was detected only in two of the four trials and found not to be significantly linked with broiler performance. These qPCR assays have been useful in either validating or disproving previous reported findings for the association of specific gut bacteria with broiler feed efficiency. This qPCR format can be easily expanded to include other organisms and used as a quantitative screening tool in evaluating dietary additives for improved broiler production.

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“…(Durant et al 1999;Yamauchi et al 2006;Burkholder et al 2008). Other predisposing conditions such as mucosal damage (of gut or reproductive tract) and immunosuppression caused by stress can contribute to increased morbidity of gastrointestinal and reproductive tract and decreased performance or mortality of birds (Yamauchi et al 2006;Burkholder et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential for probiotics to prevent reproductive tract lesions in free-range laying hens

Shini

Blackall

2013

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Abstract.A study was undertaken to investigate the ability of two commercial probiotics applied in free-range laying hens (from 18 to 22 weeks of age) in reducing the occurrence of reproductive tract pathologies, and improving hen health and performance. In all, 630 17-week-old brown layers were transferred to a freshly cleaned free-range laying facility, and randomly divided into three groups, with three replicates of 70 birds each. Both probiotics were administered in the drinking water (Groups 1 and 2) on a daily basis for 4 weeks, while Group 3 was left untreated. At 38 weeks of age, the results demonstrated that treatment with either probiotic significantly reduced the occurrence of reproductive tract pathologies (control vs probiotics, 33% vs 22% and 11%; P < 0.01), mortalities (control vs probiotics; 3.8% vs 1.5 and 1.9%; P < 0.01), and increased the performance of hens, for another 20 weeks post-treatments (hen day production for control vs probiotics 75% vs 90% and 94%; P < 0.01). Birds treated with probiotics maintained their bodyweight and egg weights at standard ranges, while untreated birds did not perform at this level. Although we were unable to show any effect on cloacal bacterial colonisation, the results of the present study provided some initial evidence that reproductive pathologies that often cause drops in egg production and sudden deaths of birds, can be reduced if free range hens are treated with a commercial probiotic before or during the onset of lay. The use of a probiotic benefits the health and performance status of hens, resulting in better hen welfare and significant economic gains to egg producers.

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Influence of Stressors on Normal Intestinal Microbiota, Intestinal Morphology, and Susceptibility to Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization in Broilers

Cited by 299 publications

References 48 publications

Quantitative histo-morphometric analysis of heat-stress-related damage in the small intestines of broiler chickens

Quantitative histo-morphometric analysis of heat-stress-related damage in the small intestines of broiler chickens

Quantitative molecular assays for evaluating changes in broiler gut microbiota linked with diet and performance

The potential for probiotics to prevent reproductive tract lesions in free-range laying hens

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