Influence of reproductive hormones on the induction of CD4+CD25brightFoxp3+ regulatory T cells

Alteration of the immune cell profiles in the pathophysiology of tubal ectopic pregnancy

“…However, there is little data on the number and activities of Tregs in the tubal mucosa of TEP. It has been reported that hCG with other pregnancy hormones could induce the differentiation of mononuclear cells toward Treg cells . It is well‐documented that hCG level is lower in TEP patients compared with normal pregnancy at the same gestation age; thus, we forecast that Tregs may present at tube implantation site with reduced density.…”

Regulatory T Cells are Baby′s Best Friends

“…As hormonal changes not only occur during pregnancy but also take place during the menstrual and estrous cycles, Treg expansion during the receptive phase is suggested to be hormone‐driven. Shirshey and colleagues showed that estrogen, progesterone, and hCG in concentration found during pregnancy increase Treg levels in PBMCs of non‐pregnant women . Furthermore, it has been shown that physiological doses of estradiol and progesterone expand Treg, enhance in vitro Treg function, and induce a Treg phenotype in activated responder T cells both in humans and mice .…”

Pregnancy alters the circulating B cell compartment in atopic asthmatic women, and transitional B cells are positively associated with the development of allergy manifestations in their progeny

“…To protect the fetus from aggressive maternal immune responses, physiological immune tolerance mechanisms toward paternal antigens are established during pregnancy, which can interfere with the atopic condition of the mother . Additionally, the characteristic exuberant changes in the hormonal milieu observed in pregnancy, particularly in late gestation, are thought to have immunomodulatory capacities, although the effects reported are not always consistent . Allergic asthma and rhinitis present different outcomes among pregnant women along the gestational period .…”