Influence of Processing on the Content of Toxic Carboxyatractyloside and Atractyloside and the Microbiological Status of Xanthium sibiricum Fruits (Cangʼerzi)

Abstract

The dried ripe fruits of Xanthium sibiricum (Cang'erzi) are used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of nasal congestion, nasal discharge, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and wind-cold headaches. Carboxyatractyloside and atractyloside are important constituents of the fruits because these diterpenoid glycosides are responsible for their toxicity. In order to evaluate procedures for reducing the amount of the more toxic carboxyatractyloside, the fruits were dried and heated with different methods. Carboxyatractyloside and atractyloside were analysed by a new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method using liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The results revealed that temperature and drying methods have a strong influence on the content of carboxyatractyloside and atractyloside. Fruits which were treated at higher temperatures showed a lower content of carboxyatractyloside and an increased content of atractyloside, which is 50 times less toxic. This indicates that the roasting process can reduce toxicity effectively. The microbiological colonisation of Xanthium fruits is also reduced by roasting and by drying above 100 °C. For the safe use of Cang'erzi, the effect of processing should be monitored and analysis of carboxyatractyloside and atractyloside should be obligatory in quality control.

A simple liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry approach for the simultaneous quantification of thirteen compounds in rats following oral administration of raw and processedFructus Xanthii: Application in a comparative pharmacokinetic study

“…This can be explained because the content of CAR in the RXF extract is the highest. In other studies, it was shown that the in vivo toxicity of CAR is 10 times higher than that of ATR [38], which may be due to the carboxylic group in position C-4 ′ of CAR that seems to be responsible for its higher toxicity [16]. As this study showed, the t 1/2 values of CAR in the PXF group were a little shorter than those in the RXF group.…”

“…IS solutions of chloramphenicol were prepared in methanol to produce a final concentration of 100 ng/mL. QC samples were prepared at concentrations of 11.02, 275.50, and 551 ng/mL for 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, 10.05, 502.50, and 1005 ng/mL for 5-CQA, 12.75, 1275, and 2550.00 ng/mL for 3-CQA, 28.2, 282, and 2820 ng/mL for CA, 15.50, 1550, and 2500 ng/mL for 4-CQA, 16.50.4, 825, and 1650 ng/mL for 1,3-diCQA, 10.13, 262.50, and 525 ng/mL for FA, 13.13, 262.50, and 525 ng/mL for 3,5-diCQA, 10.50, 210, and 420 ng/mL for 1,5-diCQA, 15.50, 310, and 620 ng/mL for 3,4-diCQA, 13.50, 675, and 1450 ng/mL for CAR, 15.25, 305, and 610 ng/mL for 4,5-diCQA, and 10.50, 1575, and 3150 ng/mL for ATR. All solutions were stored in the refrigerator at 4 • C until use.…”

Simultaneous quantification of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside in rat plasma by LC‐MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Xanthii Fructus extract

“…Sesquiterpene lactones are the major chemicals in XF [6]. Atractyloside (ATR) and carboxyatractyloside (CATR) are believed to be the main injurious ingredients of this herb [10][11][12], which also exist in several Asteraceae plants such as Callilepsis laureola and Atractylis gummifera. The pharmacological and toxicological effects of ATR and CATR have been documented for a long time.…”

Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of four compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of Xanthii fructus and stir‐fried Xanthii fructus extracts

“…with functions of scattering heat and awaking through the nose (Ruan & Li, 2007;Su et al, 2016). It is an important herbal medicine for the treatment of "Biyuan" in ancient clinical records, and allergic rhinitis and other nasal disease in modern usage (Han et al, 2006;Liu, Su, Zeng, Li, & Wu, 2012;Nikles et al, 2015).…”