Influence of prenatal environment and birth parameters on amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia

Lingham, Gareth; Mackey, David A.; Sanfilippo, Paul; Mountain, Jenny; Hewitt, Alex W.; Newnham, John P.; Yazar, Seyhan

doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.12.013

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In a cohort of young adult individuals from Australia, the prevalence of strabismus was 3.5%, and esotropia was found to be associated with lower gestational age (Lingham et al. 2020). At 10 years of age, the strongest risk factors for strabismus were anisometropia at 6 months of age, refractive errors at 2.5 years of age and various neurological conditions (Holmstrom et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity

Pétursdóttir

Holmström

Larsson

2021

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in prematurely born young adults; screened for retinopathy of prematurity in the neonatal period and compare with term‐born individuals of the same age. Materials and methods The study participants included 59 prematurely born individuals with a birthweight of ≤1,500 grams and 44 term‐born controls, all born during 1988–1990 in Stockholm County, Sweden. Ocular alignment was assessed with a cover test, stereoacuity with the TNO stereo test and the amplitude of accommodation and the near point of convergence with the Royal Air Force Rule. Results Seven of 59 (12%) preterms had manifest strabismus, 4/59 (7%) had esotropia and 3/59 (5%) exotropia. One of 44 (2%) controls had esotropia; no other controls had manifest strabismus. Stereoacuity was within normal limits in 38/59 (64%) preterms and 43/44 (98%) controls, p < 0.01; the difference remained after excluding those with strabismus. A neurological complication at 2.5 years of age was the strongest risk factor for subnormal stereoacuity within the preterm group after excluding those with strabismus. The mean amplitude of accommodation was poorer in the preterms than the controls in better (p < 0.05) and worse eyes (p < 0.05). The preterms were more likely to have an amplitude of accommodation below the minimum, according to Hofstetter’s equation. There were no differences between the groups regarding the near point of convergence. Conclusion Prematurely born young adults had a higher prevalence of strabismus, reduced stereoacuity and worse amplitude of accommodation than term‐born controls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity

Pétursdóttir

Holmström

Larsson

2021

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…Furthermore, strabismus was associated with gestational age, hyperopic refractive error, and astigmatism [10]. Esotropia, with lower gestational age and a heavier placenta; exotropia, with a maternal history of previously treated hypertension and maternal use of recreational drugs during early pregnancy [11]. (2) Early screening of children's vision and binocular visual function is associated with the incidence of exotropia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective survey of strabismus surgery in a tertiary eye center in northern China, 2014–2019

Wan

Jiang

et al. 2021

BMC Ophthalmol

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Background To evaluate the distribution pattern and changes of strabismus surgery in northern China. Methods The records of strabismus patients at Qingdao Eye Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The characteristics analyzed included gender, regional distribution, constituent ratio of age and type of strabismus. Changes during the periods 2014–2016 and 2017–2019 were compared and analyzed. Results A total of 5746 strabismus patients were recruited. The number of strabismus patients was relatively stable each year from 2014 to 2016 but gradually increased each year from 2017 to 2019. Of these, 51.7% (2968/5746) were male, and 48.3% (2778/5746) were female. The majority (89.8%, 5159/5746) of the patients were from Shandong Province. The statistical results of the constituent ratio of age showed that 32.4% (1860/5746) were 7–12 years old (primary school level). Patients under 12 years of age (preschool and primary school level) accounted for 60.0% (3447/5746) of all the patients. In terms of the types of strabismus, exotropia accounted for 63.5% (3650/5746), followed by esotropia and vertical rotational strabismus at 13.2% (758/5746) and 9.7% (555/5746), respectively. Intermittent exotropia was the most common type among the exotropia patients, accounting for 71.3% (2604/3650). Among the patients with intermittent exotropia, 62.5% (1627/2604) were children aged 4–12 years, and the basic type of intermittent exotropia was the main type. Four percent (231/5746) of the patients, of which adult patients comprised the main population, required reoperation. Conclusions Patients with strabismus at primary school level comprised the largest group of strabismus patients in north China. Exotropia was the most common type of strabismus, and intermittent exotropia was the most common type of exotropia. The rate of exotropia to esotropia was 5:1.

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“…Participants with a history of any uveitis were also removed from the analysis given previous reports of decreased retinal thickness in autoimmune disease. 4,5 Amblyopic eyes, defined as per previous studies [26][27][28] (including in the Raine Study and the KYAMS cohorts), 29,30 were additionally excluded as thicker retinas have been reported in amblyopic eyes. 31,32 To avoid including participants with an unreported diagnosis of retinal or optic disc disease, eyes with BCVA <6/9 were further excluded from the analysis.…”

Section: Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Macular Thickness Profile and Its Association With Best-Corrected Visual Acuity in Healthy Young Adults

Lee

Lingham

Alonso‐Caneiro

et al. 2021

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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To describe the thickness profiles of the full retinal and outer retinal layers (ORL) at the macula in healthy young adults, and associations with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Methods: In total, 1604 participants (19-30 years) underwent an eye examination that included measurements of their BCVA, axial length, and autorefraction. The retinal thickness at the foveal pit and at the nine Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study macular regions (0.5-mm radius around the fovea, and superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants of the inner and outer rings of the macula) were obtained using spectraldomain optical coherence tomography imaging. A custom program was used to correct for transverse magnification effects because of different axial lengths. Results: The median full retinal and ORL thicknesses at the central macula were 285 μm and 92 μm. The full retina was thinnest centrally and thickest at the inner macula ring, whereas the ORL was thickest centrally and gradually decreased in thickness with increasing eccentricity. There was no association between axial length and the full retinal or ORL thickness. Increased thicknesses of the full retina at the central macula was associated with better BCVA; however, the effect size was small and not clinically significant. Conclusions: This article mapped the full retinal and ORL thickness profile in a population-based sample of young healthy adults. Translational Relevance: Thickness values presented in this article could be used as a normative reference for future studies on young adults and in clinical practice.

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Influence of prenatal environment and birth parameters on amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia

Cited by 14 publications

References 47 publications

Strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity

Strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation and convergence in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity

A retrospective survey of strabismus surgery in a tertiary eye center in northern China, 2014–2019

Macular Thickness Profile and Its Association With Best-Corrected Visual Acuity in Healthy Young Adults

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