Influence of powder recycling on 316L stainless steel feedstocks and printed parts in laser powder bed fusion

Delacroix, Timothée; Lomello, Fernando; Schuster, Frédéric; Maskrot, Hicham; Garandet, J.P.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102553

Cited by 22 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Delacroix et al recycled 316L powder 15 times using a 50 μm mesh to sieve powder between reuses. [ 20 ] Their PSD was initially specified between 20 and 45 μm, a finer distribution than other studies. Again, some coarsening was observed in the D 10 , D 50 , and D 90 particles sizes but this was only within the region of 2 and 3 μm for the D 10 and D 90 values, respectively.…”

Section: Changes To Powder Properties As a Results Of Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Delacroix et al studied the flowability of 316L powder recycled through 15 cycles and observed a consistent increase in flowability with each recycle, as shown in Figure . [ 20 ] Their recycling strategy involved no virgin powder being added between cycles so the effects of powder recycling on flowability were not interrupted and hence the consistent trend. The PSD consistently shifted to coarser particles while the powder increased in flowability.…”

Section: Changes To Powder Properties As a Results Of Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[18] Thicker Mn-rich oxide layers have also been observed on recycled 316L powder. [20,22,23] Due to the addition of oxidized spatter particles and oxidation of powder near the HAZ, recycled 316L powder would be expected to have an increased oxygen content compared with virgin material. This has been observed, but oxygen pickup does vary between studies.…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect has not been observed in many recycling studies due to the limited change in D 10 of particles with recycling, which is in the range of 3-4 μm when measured by laser diffraction. [18,20] Similarly to the changes in PSD, the changes in oxygen content from recycling were not significant enough to create Reproduced with permission. [22] 2017, University of Texas at Austin.…”

Section: L Stainless Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Powder Reuse on the Properties of Laser Powder Bed‐Fused Stainless Steel 316L: A Review

et al. 2022

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There is a clear economic benefit for the recycling of metallic powder during additive manufacturing (AM). Laser powder bed fusion (L‐PBF) is one such AM process and research has found that the properties of the powder feedstock can change when the powder is reused through mechanisms such as spatter generation and alterations in chemistry. Such changes to powder properties can accumulate and may lead to significant differences in the mechanical properties of the final component. Often the changes to part properties are reasonably small; however, there is not currently enough understanding of the specific links between powder properties and the characteristics of the end component for the effects of powder recycling to be discounted. Herein, the typical lifecycle of stainless steel 316L powder in L‐PBF, the changes that occur to the powder feedstock, and the effects that this may have on the mechanical properties of components manufactured with recycled powder are reviewed.

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Section: Changes To Powder Properties As a Results Of Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Changes To Powder Properties As a Results Of Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: L Stainless Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Powder Reuse on the Properties of Laser Powder Bed‐Fused Stainless Steel 316L: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…(1) The 316L stainless steel powder is unique with an inherent SiO 2 oxide layer on its surface that prevents the variable valence of metallic elements. It can be used up to 15 times in L-PBF without much affecting the mechanical properties of parts, but the oxygen content of the print increases with the number of recycles, and the part density decreases after 5 to 6 recycles [94]. (2) Ti-6Al-4V also contains an oxide layer on the surface; the elemental content of the powder remains nearly the same after 31 recycles, and the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation are also almost unchanged [95].…”

Section: Effect Of Spatter On Powder Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Spatter in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: In Situ Detection, Generation, Effects, and Countermeasures

Yin

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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Spatter is an inherent, unpreventable, and undesired phenomenon in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing. Spatter behavior has an intrinsic correlation with the forming quality in L-PBF because it leads to metallurgical defects and the degradation of mechanical properties. This impact becomes more severe in the fabrication of large-sized parts during the multi-laser L-PBF process. Therefore, investigations of spatter generation and countermeasures have become more urgent. Although much research has provided insights into the melt pool, microstructure, and mechanical property, reviews of spatter in L-PBF are still limited. This work reviews the literature on the in situ detection, generation, effects, and countermeasures of spatter in L-PBF. It is expected to pave the way towards a novel generation of highly efficient and intelligent L-PBF systems.

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Recycled sand for sustainable 3D-printed sand mold processes

Li,

Cheng,

Tang

2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Traditional casting industries are losing their appeal due to poor working conditions. Combining casting with additive manufacturing is a popular solution, with binder jetting being the best option for sand mold printing. However, waste management and environmental concerns in binder jetting need to be addressed. This study shows that recycled sand can produce mechanical properties comparable to new sand, while reducing waste and environmental impact. Recycled sand used less binder and hardener, resulting in cost savings and environmental bene ts. This study highlights the importance of waste management and sustainability in 3D-printed sand mold processes and offers a promising solution for recycled sand powders in binder jetting.

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Influence of powder recycling on 316L stainless steel feedstocks and printed parts in laser powder bed fusion

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

The Influence of Powder Reuse on the Properties of Laser Powder Bed‐Fused Stainless Steel 316L: A Review

The Influence of Powder Reuse on the Properties of Laser Powder Bed‐Fused Stainless Steel 316L: A Review

A Review of Spatter in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: In Situ Detection, Generation, Effects, and Countermeasures

Recycled sand for sustainable 3D-printed sand mold processes

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