Influence of Potassium Hydroxide Concentration on the Carrageenan Functional Group Composition

Abstract

Potassium Hydroxide treatment of seaweed is one of the common processes in the production of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) across South-east region. However, potassium hydroxide will influence the properties of the product through the effect on

A Review of Property Enhancement Techniques for Carrageenan-based Films and Coatings

“…In addition to removing the pigments, some proteins, and other impurities during the alkali treatment, the hydroxide ions penetrate the thallus and reduce the amount of ester sulfate groups in the structure. The 3,6-AG content is also increased, and this subsequently improves the gel strength (Anisuzzaman et al, 2013;Mustapha, Chandar, Abidin, Saghravani & Harun, 2011).…”

“…During the production of SRC using Eucheuma cottonii, the seaweed is subjected to alkali treatment before it is dried and powdered (Anisuzzaman, Bono, Samiran, Ariffin & Farm, 2013). In addition to removing the pigments, some proteins, and other impurities during the alkali treatment, the hydroxide ions penetrate the thallus and reduce the amount of ester sulfate groups in the structure.…”

Carrageenan-Based Compounds as Wound Healing Materials

“…CG water solubility is related to the sulfate group levels (very hydrophilic) and their associated cations. The solubility, gel strength, and solutions’ viscosity are influenced by the type of predominant ionizable cations found in CG and the balance between them—calcium (Ca 2+ ), potassium (K + ), sodium (Na + ), and magnesium (Mg 2+ ), as well as the sulfate fractions ratio, all of the above being relevant in the pharmaceutical and food industries usage of CG because of their rheological properties that make them act as a stabilizer, and a gelation and thickening agent [ 39 , 42 , 57 ]. The pharmacological or medical uses of CG for wound healing or tissue engineering include drug or growth factor delivery systems, enzyme confinement, and cell encapsulation for in vivo delivery [ 1 ].…”

“…Because CG seems like a promising pharmaceutical excipient, various studies and several reviews have been published to date [ 1 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ], but fewer than those regarding alginate, HPMC, or chitosan. Their biological activities are determined by the sulfate content.…”

Initial Properties Identification of Refined- and Semi Refined-Carrageenans as Raw Materials for Biodegradable Plastic Production

“…The alkaline treatment during the carrageenan production increases the amounts of 3,6anhydrogalactose while reduces the sulfate contents of the material. This change in carrageenan's molecular structure is imparting an increase of carrageenan's gel strength (Anisuzzaman, Bono, Samiran, Ariffin, & Farm, 2013). This desulfation may also contribute to the increasing crystallinity degree in the polymer chains of carrageenan (Doh et al, 2020).…”