ABSTRAKUntuk mendapatkan cara pemisahan daging ikan yang efektif menggunakan meat bone separator, dilakukan preparasi terhadap ikan sebelum dimasukan ke dalam mesin, yaitu: utuh, disayat, dan dibelah. Selain itu, dilakukan juga simulasi pengepresan terhadap ikan menggunakan Texture Analyzer, meniru proses pemisahan daging ikan di antara sabuk penekan dan permukaan silinder berpori pada mesin. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan ikan dipengaruhi oleh jenis preparasi, dengan nilai tertinggi ikan utuh, kemudian diikuti dengan ikan yang disayat dan dibelah. Jenis preparasi dan kekerasan ikan juga turut mempengaruhi lamanya waktu proses pemisahan, rendemen, serta kualitas daging lumat yang dihasilkan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa secara umum, teknik preparasi terbaik yaitu dengan cara disayat, dengan waktu proses pemisahan tercepat (11,35 kg/jam), jumlah rendemen yang tinggi (67,5%), serta kadar abu yang merepresentasikan kandungan tulang yang terikut dalam daging paling rendah (0,82% WB). Selain itu, pada preparasi ikan yang disayat juga memberikan karakteristik fish-gel yang terbaik untuk nilai kekerasan 1.295 g, chewiness 684, dan gumminess 576. KATA KUNCI:meat bone separator, ikan kuniran, kekerasan, preparasi ABSTRACT
The physical, microbiological, and thermal properties of the raw material, semi refined and refined carrageenan derived from Eucheuma cottonii, were performed in purpose of preliminary research for biofilms (bioplastics) production. The physical properties i.e. particle size, pH, water content, gel strength and viscosity were tested. Meanwhile, the microbiological analysis were performed for the Total Plate Count, mold, and yeast. The thermal properties were performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the Semi Refined Carrageenan (SRC) and Refined Carrageenan (RC) flour have respectively a 60 and 80 mesh of particle size, an 8 and 7 of pH, a 7.9 and 8 % of the moisture content, a 560 and 1140 g / cm2 of gel strength, and an 80 and 35 mPa·s of viscosity. The overall results of the microbiological tested showed that the SRC and RC were recognized as safe to be used for food application in accordance to the regulation, and the thermal analysis showed that the melting points of SRC and RC flour were respectively 168°C and 175°C.
Telah dilakukan pembuatan pupuk organik granul dari tepung rumput laut Sargassum sp. dengan menggunakan granulator hasil rancang bangun Loka Penelitian dan Pengembangan Mekanisasi Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rasio air dan bahan yang tepat dalam proses pembuatan pupuk granul sehingga menghasilkan rendemen pupuk organik granul tertinggi dan mengetahui kualitas pupuk yang dihasilkan. Metode granulasi yang digunakan yaitu metode granulasi basah (wet granulation). Bahan yang digunakan yaitu tepung rumput laut Sargassum sp., kapur pertanian, dan air. Variasi rasio air dengan bahan (tepung rumput laut Sargassum sp. dan kapur pertanian) yaitu 10:30, 11:30, 12:30, dan 13:30 (ml air/g bahan). Pupuk organik granul dengan rendemen tertinggi yang terpilih kemudian dianalisa kandungan hara makro, C organik, kadar air, kadar hara mikro, dan logam berat. Sebagai pembanding digunakan pupuk organik komersial. Rendemen pupuk organik granul yang sudah diayak menunjukkan nilai tertinggi sebesar 26,43% pada rasio air : bahan sebesar 12:30. Kadar C organik pupuk organik granul terpilih dan pupuk organik granul komersial berturut-turut adalah 15,1% dan 20,2% dengan rasio C/N berturut-turut adalah 18,41% dan 3,10%. Kadar air pupuk organik granul terpilih dan pupuk organik granul komersial berturut-turut adalah 19,47% dan 13,79%. Kadar timbal (Pb) pupuk organik granul terpilih dan pupuk organik granul komersial berturut-turut adalah kurang dari 0,04 ppm, dan 6,20 ppm sedangkan kadar Fe total pupuk organik granul terpilih dan pupuk organik komersial berturut-turut adalah 8.031 ppm dan 5.316 ppm.
Energy and exergy analysis has been conducted on photovoltaic (PV) system in Bantul Regency, a special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The PV exergy analysis was used to determine the performance of the PV system by considering environmental factors other than solar irradiance. This research aims to obtain values of exergy and energy efficiencies in the PV system. The experiment results show that the energy efficiency value produced by the PV system was 8.62–74.18%, meanwhile its exergy efficiency was 0.29%-9.40%, respectively. The value of exergy efficiency is lower than the value of energy efficiency. This result confirmed that the environmental factor greatly affects the output of the PV system. It can be concluded that high solar radiation does not always increase the production of exergy, since it is also influenced by the environmental temperature and the PV cells' temperature.
Thermoplastic agar (TPA) was prepared by a melt extrusion process and the effects of water contents on the material properties of these foams were investigated. Bioplastics were produced by mixing agar, glycerol, and water at ratio agar; glycerol: water was 5:3:2; 5:3:3; and 5:3:4 through the melting process at 120 °C and 18 rpm. The addition of water affected the extrusion process more easily, so the pellet could move easily from the extruder, but the moisture content of TPA increased with water addition. Then, TGA analysis showed no difference in decreasing mass in the sample with water addition. Permeability, elongation, contact angle, density, moisture content, and WVTR of bioplastics increased with water addition. The FTIR curves indicated that the interaction between water and agar may form much more hydrogen bonds. The best treatment was bioplastics with agar:glycerol:water=5:3:2, which have characteristics: tensile strength 16.19 MPa, elongation at break 102.56%, moisture content %, contact angle 72.81°, density 1.38 g/ml, moisture content 3.09%, transparency value 0.067, and WVTR 1334.59 g/m2.24 h.
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