Influence of Physical Exercise on Advanced Glycation End Products Levels in Patients Living With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract

Introduction: Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) used to treat acquired immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces a number of adverse effects, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which ultimately increases the cardiovascular risk. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and other chronic diseases. It is known that physical exercise improves the lipid profile, insulin resistance and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the impact of physical exercise on AGE levels in HIV-infected patients has not been so far investigated. Therefore, this study compared AGEs levels in people with and without HIV and verified the effect of physical training on serum AGE levels.Methods: Participants were initially assigned into three groups: healthy control (CTL, n = 35), physically inactive HIV-infected (In-HIV, n = 33) and physically active HIV-infected (Ac-HIV, n = 19). The In-HIV group underwent physical training for 3 months, consisting of 60-min sessions of multimodal supervised exercise (aerobic, resistance and flexibility) with moderate intensity (50–80% heart rate reserve), performed 3 times/week. AGEs were measured in serum by fluorescence spectrometry.Results: At baseline, serum AGEs fluorescence level was significantly higher in inactive HIV-patients when compared to controls or active HIV-patients (In-HIV: 0.93 ± 0.08 vs. controls: 0.68 ± 0.13 and Ac-HIV: 0.59 ± 0.04 A.U.; P < 0.001). Triglycerides were also higher in In-HIV than CTL (182.8 ± 102 vs. 132.8 ± 52.3 mg/dL; P < 0.05). Waist circumference was lower in Ac-HIV, compared to In-HIV and controls (83.9 ± 10.4 vs. 92.9 ± 13.5 and 98.3 ± 12.4, respectively; P < 0.05). Body mass, fasting blood glucose, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol were similar between groups. After training, AGE levels decreased (Baseline: 0.93 ± 0.08 vs. 3 months follow-up: 0.59 ± 0.04 AU; P < 0.001), no further difference being detected vs. CTL or Ac-HIV. Conclusion: HIV-infected patients under cART exhibited elevated AGEs levels compared to healthy individuals and physically active patients. Short-term aerobic training of moderate intensity counteracted this condition.

Physical activity among women of low socioeconomic status living with HIV in two major cities of Brazil and Mozambique: A cross-sectional comparative study

“…In Maputo, a prior study showed that women under cART increased their overall physical fitness in response to a 13-week aerobic and strength training program ( 35 ). In Rio de Janeiro, a structured multimodal program has been consistently shown to improve physical fitness, body image, and quality of life of low SES patients of both sexes, while preserving their immune function ( 36 , 37 ) and reducing the cardiovascular risk ( 38 , 39 ). However, strategies available in the literature are several, and even unorthodox approaches to increase the access of PLHIV to PA produced promising results.…”

The Influence of Regular Physical Exercise on the Advanced Glycated End Products

“…Some studies revealed that even patients with chronic diseases showed a marked reduction in AGEs serum level following PE. KL Rodrigues et al reported improved AGEs serum level among physically inactive HIV-patients following three supervised PE programs [44]. Furthermore, Sheikholeslami-Vatani illustrated a signifi cant reduction in AGEs level among postmenopausal women with type II DM aft er conducting eight weeks of supervised resistant PE three times a week [45].…”

Reply to letter to the editor: “Advanced glycation end‐products and their receptors: Exercise effects”

“…3 In their letter, Kotani and Gugliucci searched and compiled data from interventional studies in which the effects of physical exercise on AGEs and soluble AGEs receptors (sRAGE) were evaluated. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Based on those studies, the authors concluded that the practice of physical exercise could reduce serum AGEs and, seemingly contradictory, it also reduces sRAGE concentrations. 1 However, we would advert caution before drawing these conclusions.…”

“…[13][14][15][16] Moreover, three studies included participants with type 1 9 and type 2 8 diabetes and patients living with human immunodeficiency virus. 10 Both hyperglycemia and elevated oxidative stress are complications related to these diseases and, in turn, can increase endogenous AGEs formation. 17 Second, medication use may also affect AGEs and sRAGE concentrations.…”